duration

Tribromoethyl alcohol (Avertin) is an organic compound used to anesthetize mice.

Soquinolol (Soquinolol mucate) is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak local anesthetic activity.Soquinolol has good enteral efficacy and a long duration of action.

AZD 7009 is a novel antiarrhythmic compound that inhibits the sodium current of hNav1.5 in CHO K1 cells with an IC50 of 11 uM. AZD 7009 inhibited late sodium current in isolated rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes, and prolonged E-4031-induced action potential duration, promoting early post-depolarization of Purkinye fibers (EADs).

Atracurium besylate (51W89) is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.

Dofetilide (UK 68789) is a sulfonamide class III antiarrhythmic agent and potassium channel blocker. Dofetilide selectively blocks cardiac ion channels of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current Ikr. This antiarrhythmic agent prolongs cardiac action potential duration and effective refractory period due to delayed repolarization without affecting conduction velocity. This results in a normal sinus rhythm. Dofetilide is used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter.

Lidocaine hydrochloride (Lignocaine hydrochloride) is a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmic agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

Lacidipine (SN-305) is a lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with an intrinsically slow onset of activity. Due to its long duration of action, lacidipine does not lead to reflex tachycardia. It displays specificity in the vascular smooth muscle, where it acts as an antihypertensive agent to dilate peripheral arterioles and reduce blood pressure.

Procaine (Vitamin H3) is a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block.

Procaine hydrochloride (Novocaine HCl) is the hydrochloride salt form of procaine, a benzoic acid derivative with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Procaine binds to and inhibits voltage-gated sodiumchannels, thereby inhibiting the ionic flux required for the initiation and conduction of impulses. In addition, this agent increases electrical excitation threshold, reduces rate of rise of action potential and slows nerve impulse propagation thereby causing loss of sensation.

Bilastine (Bilaxten) is a novel new-generation antihistamine that is highly selective for the H1 histamine receptor, has a rapid onset and prolonged duration of action.

Mephenesin (Cresoxydiol) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.

Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide local anaesthetic drug belonging to the family of n-alkylsubstituted pipecoloxylidide. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Chirocaine. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 per cent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine.Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when it is administered correctly. Most ADRs relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, however allergic reactions can rarely occur.

Butamben (Butyl 4-aminobenzoate) is a long-duration local anesthetic used for the treatment of chronic pain.

Amifampridine (3,4-Diaminopyridine) is primarily used to treat rare muscle diseases. It blocks potassium channel efflux in nerve terminals, increasing action potential duration, which allows Ca2+ channels to remain open longer and enhances acetylcholine release to stimulate muscles at the end plate.

Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) is a cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.

Tropicamide (Ro 1-7683) is a synthetic muscarinic antagonist with anticholinergic properties similar to atropine. Upon ocular administration, it binds to and blocks muscarinic receptors in the sphincter and ciliary muscles, inhibiting cholinergic responses and causing pupil dilation and ciliary muscle paralysis. Tropicamide is used as a diagnostic agent to induce short-duration mydriasis and cycloplegia.

Torsemide (AC-4464) is an anilinopyridine sulfonylurea belonging to the class of loop diuretics. Torsemide has a prolonged duration of action compared to other loop diuretics, is extensively protein bound in plasma and has a relatively long half-life.

Fluorogestone acetate shows high potency with a short duration of activity and is physiologically similar to progesterone. FGA is approximately 20-25 times more potent than progesterone.

Amiodarone hydrochloride (Amiodarone HCl) is an antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.

GW-311616 hydrochloride is a long duration, orally bioavailable, and selective human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitor (IC50: 22 nM; Ki: 0.31 nM).

1. Oxypeucedanin ((+-)-Oxypeucedanin) has novel anticancer effect, mediated via induction of G2-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. 2. Oxypeucedanin is a kind of open-channel blocker of the hKv1.5 channel and it prolongs the APD; therefore, it is an excellent candidate as an antiarrhythmic drug for atrial fibrillation.

Sematilide hydrochloride (CK-1752) is a class III antiarrhythmic. It is a selectively delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) channel blocker. It inhibits rapidly activating Ik in guinea pig atrial myocytes, resulting in the prolongation of refractoriness and action potential duration.

Flucycloxuron ((E)-flucycloxuron) is a chitin synthesis inhibitor used as a pesticide. In insect models, the inhibitor has been shown to affect several reproductive events such as the duration of preovipostion.

AM-92016 is a specific blocker of rectifier potassium current. AM-92016 delays rectifier potassium channel and repolarizes the membrane thereby restricting the duration of the nerve impulse.