th2 cells

Fevipiprant (NVP-QAW039) is a selective, potent, reversible competitive CRTh2 antagonist.

CMP-5 is a PRMT5 inhibitor with antiviral activity, inhibits PRMT5 methyltransferase activity, and can be used in the study of SARS virus infection.

CMP-5 hydrochloride is a potent and selective PRMT5 inhibitor, while displays no activity against PRMT1/4/7 enzymes. It selectively blocks S2Me-H4R3 by inhibiting PRMT5 methyltransferase activity on histone preparations.

Soquelitinib (CPI-818) is a covalent, irreversible, oral and selective ITK inhibitor that preferentially inhibits Th2 cytokine production over Th1, inhibits in vivo tumor growth in mice, and decreases markers of T-cell exhaustion, resulting in an increase in tumor infiltration and up-regulation of CXCR3, IFNγ, TNFα, and CD107a expression in normal CD8 cells.

SB273005 is an orally active and potent nonpeptide integrin αvβ3 antagonist that inhibits αvβ3 and αvβ5 and reduces the production of Th2 cells and the cytokine IL-10 in pregnant mice.

BI-671800 (AP-761) is a highly specific and potent antagonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule on Th2 cells (DP2/CRTH2). With IC50 values of 4.5 nM and 3.7 nM for PGD2 binding to CRTH2 in hCRTH2 and mCRTH2 transfected cells, respectively. BI-671800 has the potential to treat poorly controlled asthma[2].

4-Octylphenol is an endocrine disruptor with gender-specific effects on male germ cells, significantly reducing the mitotic index and the number of spermatogonia. It also causes inflammatory damage in the gills of carp by activating the complement system through the C3a/C3a receptor (C3a/C3aR) axis and C5a/C5a receptor 1 (C5a/C5aR1) axis. Furthermore, 4-Octylphenol induces immune suppression by disrupting the balance between helper T (Th) cells 1/Th2 and regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 cells, and triggers inflammatory damage through the Toll-like receptor 7 (Toll-like Receptor (TLR))/inhibitor κBα/nuclear factor κB (TLR7/IκBα/NF-κB) pathway.

ITK-IN-6 is a potent and selective ITK inhibitor (Kd = 387 nM). It binds directly to the ITK kinase domain. This compound prevents the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation and differentiation of Th2 and Th17 cells. ITK-IN-6 improves asthma progression by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus production, and IgE generation. It significantly inhibits airway inflammation and is used in asthma research.

TJU103 is a CD4 inhibitor that impedes the functionality of CD4 during activation, thereby suppressing autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), TJU103 reduces monocyte infiltration in brain and spinal tissues. It downregulates Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels against proteolipid protein epitope 139-151 (PLPe) and exhibits inhibitory effects both after EAE symptom onset and subsequent antigen stimulation. TJU103 is applicable in research on autoimmune diseases such as EAE and multiple sclerosis (MS).

L-Cystine disodium monohydrate is the orally active extracellular form of L-Cysteine found in plant and animal proteins. It enhances the expression of the Nrf2 protein and activates the Nrf2 transcription factor. Additionally, L-Cystine disodium monohydrate decreases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and safeguards cells from oxidant or Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. When used with L-theanine, it boosts the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and Th2-mediated responses. L-Cystine disodium monohydrate shows potential for research into cystinosis and kidney stones.

Naringenin chalcone (Isosalipurpol) has antiallergic activity Naringenin chalcone suppresses asthmatic symptoms by inhibiting Th2 cytokine production from CD4 T cells. Naringenin chalcone is a potent tomato flavonoid that improves adipocyte metabolic functions and exerts insulin-sensitizing effects by activating an adiponectin-related pathway. Naringenin chalcone exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages, may be useful for ameliorating the inflammatory changes in obese adipose tissue.

Setipiprant (ACT-129968) is an orally available, selective CRTH2 antagonist (IC50: 6.0 nM). CRTH2, a G protein-coupled receptor for prostaglandin (PGD2), mediates key inflammatory responses related to allergy and asthma. PGD2, produced by mast cells, binds to CRTH2 on blood-borne cells, inducing chemotaxis of Th2 cells, basophils, and eosinophils, and stimulating cytokine release.

α-Galactosylceramide analog 8 (α-GalCer analog 8) is a triazole derivative of α-galactosylceramide. [1] It increases IL-2 secretion by DN32.D3 NKT hybridoma cells when co-cultured with CD1d-transfected RBL cells pre-loaded with α-GalCer analog 8 at a concentration of 32 ng/ml. α-GalCer analog 8 (32 ng/ml) induces IL-4 secretion to a greater extent than the synthetic α-GalCer KRN 7000 in mouse splenocytes in vitro and in mouse serum following administration of a 1 µg per animal dose, indicating a Th2 response.

Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP . C-di-IMP has adjuvant properties when co-administered with antigens in vitro and by mucosal routes in vivo. C-di-IMP enriches the population of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD54 positive dendritic cells derived from murine bone marrow. It also stimulates macrophages at 500 ng/ml. Mice immunized with β-galactosidase (β-gal) plus c-di-IMP through the intranasal route show a humoral immune response, evidenced by an increase in IgG titers up to 2-fold compared to mice immunized with β-gal alone. Mice immunized with β-gal plus c-di-IMP also exhibit a Th1/Th2 response, indicating that the adjuvant activity of c-di-IMP leads to a cellular immune response as well.

The biological effects of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) are transduced by at least two 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, designated DP1 and CRTH2/DP2. In humans, CRTH2/DP2 is expressed on Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils where it mediates the chemotactic activity of PGD2. CAY10597, as a racemic mixture, is a potent CRTH2/DP2 receptor antagonist that binds to the human receptor with a Ki value of 37 nM. The R enantiomer is slightly more potent exhibiting Ki values of 23 and 22 nM at the human and murine CRTH2/DP2 receptor, respectively. The R enantiomer of CAY10597 inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis induced by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin D2 with an IC50 value of 40 nM.

QS-21-Api is an immunostimulatory saponin and a major active component of the natural vaccine adjuvant QS-21, capable of modulating the functions of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, thereby inducing both Th2-mediated humoral immunity and Th1-mediated cellular immune responses. In addition, QS-21-Api can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting the release of caspase-1–dependent cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, thereby enhancing Th1 immune responses.

SB297006 is an antagonist of C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3; IC50 = 39 nM), which normally is activated by eotaxin, eotaxin-3, MCP-3, MCP-4, RANTES, and MIP-1δ. It is at least 250-fold selective for CCR3 over a panel of other chemokine receptors. SB 297006 blocks CCR3-mediated calcium mobilization induced by eotaxin, eotaxin-2, and MCP-4 in transfected cells. It suppresses antigen-induced accumulation of Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils in lungs of mice when delivered subcutaneously (100 mg/kg).

YM-341619 (AS1617612) is a potent, orally active STAT6 inhibitor (IC50: 0.70 nM) that inhibits IL-4-induced Th2 differentiation in mouse splenic T cells with an IC50 value of 0.28 nM, without affecting Th1 cell differentiation. YM-341619 holds potential for research into allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma.

RPT193 is an orally active CCR4 inhibitor that exhibits an inhibitory effect on the recruitment of Th2 inflammatory immune cells to inflammatory tissues and plays an important role in diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic inflammation.

JAK1/TYK2-IN-3 is a selective, potent, orally active dual inhibitor of TYK2 (IC50: 6 nM) and JAK1 (IC50: 37 nM), with selective action on JAK2 (IC50: 140 nM) and JAK3 (IC50: 362 nM). It regulates the expression of TYK2/JAK1-related genes and formation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells to exert anti-inflammatory activity.

Vimirogant (VTP-43742) hydrochloride is an orally active, selective RORγt inhibitor (IC50: 17 nM, Ki: 3.5 nM) that is more than 1000 times more selective than RORα and RORβ. It inhibits Th17 differentiation and IL-17A secretion in mouse spleen cells with an IC50 of 57 nM and does not affect Th1, Th2, or Treg cell differentiation.

Binetrakin (Interleukin 4 (human)) is a pleiotropic cytokine from T lymphocytes that affects multiple cell types like B cells and T cells, and promotes the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) into Th2 cells, with applications in various biological research contexts [1] [2].

Anti-GPR44/PTGDR2/CD294 Antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody expressed in CHO cells targeting the GPCR GPR44 (CRTH2/PTGDR2). Featuring a huIgG1 heavy chain and a hukappa light chain, it binds specifically to the extracellular domain of GPR44, blocking the binding of its ligand PGD2. This antagonism inhibits PGD2-induced Gi protein-coupled signaling, restoring intracellular cAMP levels and reducing calcium mobilization, thereby inhibiting the chemotaxis and activation of Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils.

TQC2938 is a humanized IgG2 monoclonal antibody inhibitor that targets stimulating factor-2 (ST2). It blocks the ST2/IL-33 signaling pathway, reducing downstream Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and levels of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells. TQC2938 is applicable for research in inflammatory diseases like asthma.