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3-Phenylbutyric acid undergoes metabolism through initial oxidation processes involving both its benzene ring and side chain. It serves as an effective agent for the isolation of Rhodococcus rhodochrous PB1 from compost soil.

Corydine is an alkaloid discovered in Croton echinocarpus. It can inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) activity (IC50 = 356.8 μg/mL) and has HIV inhibitory activity.

12-oxo Leukotriene B4 (12-Oxo-LTB4) is a potent pro-inflammatory lipid mediator classified as a dihydroxy fatty acid that is enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid metabolism via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, and it promotes a diverse array of leukocyte functional responses including cellular aggregation, stimulation of transmembrane ion fluxes, enhancement of lysosomal enzyme release, superoxide anion generation, chemotaxis, and chemokinesis; 12-oxo Leukotriene B4 is an initial oxidative metabolite formed from Leukotriene B4 via the LTB4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase pathway, which undergoes rapid enzymatic conversion first to 10,11-dihydro-12-oxo-LTB4 followed by reduction of the 12-oxo group to yield 10,11-dihydro-LTB4, and this metabolite exhibits significantly reduced biological potency, being approximately 70-fold less potent than LTB4 in stimulating Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils (EC50 = 33 nM vs. 0.46 nM) and also markedly less effective at stimulating neutrophil migration (EC50 = 170 nM vs. 2.7 nM).

Tellimagrandin II is an orally active natural product exhibiting inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, while also inhibiting AchE and improving memory impairment.

Glycerol is an important component of triglycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, humectant, and in pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, glycerol is used in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and can be employed to induce acute kidney injury models.

Granaticin A inhibits the initial stages of RNA biosynthesis and exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria (weak), and Trichomonas vaginalis, as well as tumor cells.

Granaticin B inhibits the initial phase of RNA biosynthesis and exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria (weak), and Trichomonas vaginalis, along with the ability to suppress tumor cells.

Fructose-alanine is an Amadori compound and serves as an aroma precursor formed during the initial stages of the Maillard reaction (MR). It can be isolated from sources such as tobacco, miso, and white wine. Fructose-alanine significantly induces oxidative browning and is associated with Maillard reaction products (furfurals), exhibiting a baked and sweet aroma. This compound is applicable in food industry and tobacco processing research.

Aflatrem is a tremorgenic mycotoxin with acute neurotoxic effects, a single low dose of aflatrem is able to induce degeneration of neuronal processes in hippocampal neurotransmitter systems. Aflatrem potentiates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced

Fructose-leucine (Fru-Leu) is an Amadori compound that can be detected in tobacco and serves as an aroma precursor formed during the initial stages of the Maillard reaction.