Cholic Acid

Cholic Acid (Cholate) is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Cholic acid 7-sulfate is a metabolite of the primary bile acid cholic acid.[1],[2] It is produced by conjugation of a sulfate group with the hydroxy group at position 7 of cholic acid in the liver and gut. Fecal levels of cholic acid 7-sulfate are increased in male, but not female, mice fed a diet supplemented with cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid.[2]

Cholic acid-Glu is a derivative of Cholic acid. Its abundance rises in Crohn's disease. This compound can enhance the activation of PXR in intestinal organoid tissues and significantly increase the expression of the downstream PXR target gene, Cyp3a11.

Cholic acid 3-O-glucuronide (OCA-3-glucuronide) disodium acts as an agonist for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) with an EC50 of 91.5 μM. It holds potential for research in bile acid metabolism and detoxification.

Cholic acid anilide is a synthetic bile acid and derivative of cholic acid that inhibits the germination of C. difficile strain R20291 spores in vitro (IC50 = 1.8 μM).1 |1. Sharma, S.K., Yip, C., Esposito, E.X., et al. The design, synthesis, and characterizations of spore germination inhibitors effective against an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Chem. 61(15), 6759-6778 (2018).

Cholic acid 7-sulfate sodium is a metabolic derivative of the primary bile acid, Cholic acid.

Cholic acid 3-sulfate sodium is a metabolite of the primary bile acid, cholic acid.

Cholic acid-cysteine-cyanuric chloride complex is a hapten linker molecule, consisting of an antigen, cholic acid, and the covalently bonded cyanuric chloride reactive group.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid (Lithocholylglycine) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid, a bile acid. It is increased in livers of mice that are fed diets supplemented with ursadeoxycholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid levels are decreased in lean mice treated with obestatin. Serum glycolithocholic acid levels increase with age in children.

Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in fat emulsification, possessing notable biological and immunomodulatory activities. It can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression and protect cholangiocytes from TNF-α-induced damage via a PI3K-mediated pathway, and is commonly used to induce pancreatitis models.

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) is a naturally occurring secondary bile acid with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors,

Ursulcholic acid trisodium salt (Ursodeoxycholic acid disulfate trisodium salt) is a soluble form of ursodeoxycholic acid which has antihyperlipidemia and gallbladder activity.

Dehydrocholic acid (Dehystolin) is a synthetic bile acid, produced by the oxidation of cholic acid.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate is a bile acid sodium salt hydrate that participates in fat emulsification and can be used to establish pancreatitis models.

Cholic acid sodium hydrate is a natural and orally active bile acid that is synthesized primarily by the liver and secreted into the bile, where it plays an important role in the digestive process, aiding in the absorption of fats by emulsifying them, as well as participating in the excretion of cholesterol and regulating the metabolism of bile acids.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a potent inhibitor of liver-specific fatty acid transporter 5 (FATP5). Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits cholesterol absorption and is used to dissolve gallstones.

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is a bile acid that inhibits 11β-HSD2 with an IC50 value of 22 mM. Chenodeoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to dissolve fat for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. Chenodeoxycholic acid is used as a choledocholithiasis, choledocholithiasis and laxative, as well as to prevent or dissolve gallstones.

7-Ketolithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid) is capable of absorption and suppresses the production of endogenous bile acid and the secretion of biliary cholesterol.

Obeticholic Acid (6-ECDCA, INT-747) is a high-affinity, semisynthetic, bile acid-derived FXR agonist with an EC50 of 99 nM and is able to upregulate IκB-α, KLF-2, and KLF-4 expression. Obeticholic Acid (6-ECDCA, INT-747) also shows potential for treating hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis while increasing insulin sensitivity.

Lithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) is a toxic secondary bile acid, They were FXR antagonists (IC50=0.7, 1.4 μM), EphA2 antagonists (IC50=48, 66 μM) and EphB4 antagonists (IC50=141 μM). Lithocholic acid can promote intrahepatic cholestasis and promote tumorigenesis. Lithocholic acid is a cleanser that dissolves fat for absorption and is itself absorbed.

Glycocholic acid (Glycocholate) is a bile acid with anticancer activity. Glycocholic acid targets against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways.

Deoxycholic acid (Cholanoic Acid) is a bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.

Hyodeoxycholic acid (NSC 60672) has been used in trials studying the treatment of Hypercholesterolemia.