chemoattractant

Copper tripeptide (GHK-Cu) is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, with a strong affinity for copper(II). First isolated from human plasma, it is also found in saliva and urine.

FPR A14 is an agonist of formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and induces cell differentiation.

INCB 3284 dimesylate is a selective and orally bioavailable human CCR2 antagonist, inhibiting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 binding to hCCR2 (IC50: 3.7 nM). It can be used in the research of acute liver failure.

BI-671800 (AP-761) is a highly specific and potent antagonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule on Th2 cells (DP2/CRTH2). With IC50 values of 4.5 nM and 3.7 nM for PGD2 binding to CRTH2 in hCRTH2 and mCRTH2 transfected cells, respectively. BI-671800 has the potential to treat poorly controlled asthma[2].

SB-265610 (GSK-CXCR2) is a nonpeptide and allosteric CXCR2 antagonist. SB-265610 blocks rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1)-induced calcium mobilization and neutrophil chemotaxis (IC50s: 3.7 nM and 70 nM, respectively).

STAT3-IN-31 (compound K2071), derived from STATtic, acts as an inhibitor of both STAT3 and mitotic processes. This compound interrupts mitotic progression and impacts the formation of the mitotic spindle. Additionally, STAT3-IN-31 hampers migration in glioblastoma cells, suppresses cellular proliferation within tumor spheroids, induces senescence in glioblastoma, and inhibits the growth of Temozolomide-resistant cells while reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1).

Sirtuinmodulator 8 is a modulator of silent information regulator proteins (sirtuins) that activates their activity. It significantly reduces the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) while enhancing the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Sirtuinmodulator 8 regulates the expression of genes related to inflammation and metabolism, showing potential for research into metabolic diseases [such as diabetes and obesity] and inflammatory diseases.

Hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) is a neutrophil chemoattractant synthesized through the activation of the PLA2-12-LOX pathway. It directs neutrophils to migrate across epithelial barriers to sites of infection, such as the alveolar space. In mouse models, levels of Hepoxilin A3 rise in tandem with neutrophil infiltration. It is used in research on inflammatory diseases like pneumonia and cystic fibrosis.

Glorin is a chemoattractant mediating cell aggregation in the slime mold Polysphondylium violaceum.

22(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol is a synthetic oxysterol and a modulator of the liver X receptor (LXR). [1] t prevents monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression induced by the LXR agonist GW 3965 in primary hepatocytes and downregulates mRNA expression of the LXR target genes CD36, ACSL1, and SCD-1 in human myotubes. It decreases triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol synthesis from labeled palmitate and acetate, respectively, in human myoblasts by 50% when used at a concentration of 10 uM. 22(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol also reduces fatty acid synthase (FAS) reporter activity through an LXR response element in the promoter region in COS-1 cells transfected with RXRα and LXRα and decreases the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 in a mouse model of chronic ethanol consumption.[1] [2] Dietary supplementation of 22(S)-hydroxy cholesterol (30 mg/kg per day) leads to less body weight gain and lower liver triacylglycerol levels in rats when fed either a regular chow or high-fat diet as well as prevents an increase in plasma triacylglycerol levels resulting from a high-fat diet.[3]

Petromyzonol is a tetrahydroxy stearol which serves as the primary spawning pheromone in adult sea lamprey. It is produced in the bile of sea lamprey larvae from the bile acid precursor allocholic acid. While the adult sea lamprey is relatively insensitive to petromyzonol itself, the C-24 sulfate ester (petromyzonol sulfate) is a pheromone and a spawning chemoattractant which can be detected at very low concentrations by lamprey olfactory chemoreceptors. Petromyzonol, petromyzonol sulfate, and allocholic acid are all found in water samples from fresh water streams bearing larval lamprey populations.[1]

LL-37 is a cationic and α-helical antimicrobial peptide expressed in human bone marrow, testis, granulocytes, and gingival epithelium and is upregulated in psoriatic lesions. It inhibits growth of Gram-positive E. coli D21 and Gram-negative B. megatarium in a concentration-dependent manner and LL-37 expression is induced in A549 epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived macrophages following M. tuberculosis infection. LL-37 binds sheep erythrocytes coated with S. minnesota Re-LPS and induces agglutination with a minimal agglutinating concentration (MAC) of 12.1 μg/ml. It is a chemoattractant for, and can induce calcium mobilization in, human monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells that naturally express formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) and FPRL1-transfected HEK293 cells. LL-37 (10-15 μM) pretreatment of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) reduces its infectivity as well as levels of viral genomic RNA and NS1 antigen. In vivo, LL-37 inhibits cecal ligation and puncture-induced caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis of peritoneal macrophages, reduces levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and improves survival in polybacterial septic mice.

Bindarit is a selective inhibitor of monocyte chemoattractant proteins MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-3/CCL7 and MCP-2/CCL8 with anti-inflammatory effects. Bindarit specifically inhibits p65- and p65/p50-induced MCP-1 promoter activation and has no effect on other tested activated promoters.

Sanguiin h 11 is a compound purified from the plant Sanguisorba officinalis and has proven to be a potent inhibitor of chemoattractant-dependent and independent neutrophil movement.

Bourgeonal is an agonist of human testicular olfactory receptor hOR17-4. It increases cytosolic calcium levels in human spermatozoa, acts as a chemoattractant, and increases swimming speed in sperm chemotaxis assays in a concentration-dependent manner.

H-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH, a collagen-derived matrikine, traditionally acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, guiding these cells to target locations to orchestrate localized repair responses. Additionally, this compound initiates the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes following cerebral ischemia [1] [2].

C5a Anaphylatoxin (human) is a pro-inflammatory peptide that acts as a leukocyte chemoattractant and is used in research on inflammation and immune responses, including allergic asthma [1] [2].

WRW4-OH is a bioactive peptide that impedes the interaction of the FPRL1 agonist WKYMVm with its designated receptor. As a classical chemoattractant receptor prevalent in phagocytic cells of peripheral blood and brain, FPRL1's activation is integral to inflammatory responses within host defense mechanisms and is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders.

3-O-Caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acid is a phenolic compound of the quinic acid class, which can be isolated from the Mediterranean Eryngium bourgatii. This compound regulates free radical scavenging and inflammatory pathways, exhibiting antioxidant activity through electron and hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms. Additionally, it inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1, along with its transcripts, in TNF-α-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).

N-Formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys TFA (For-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-OH (TFA)) (For-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-OH TFA) is a formyl peptide receptor (FPR) agonist and a potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils, with its radioiodinated form retaining full biological activity.