anti-arrhythmic

Diphenidol hydrochloride (Difenidol hydrochloride), a muscarinic antagonist, is employed as an anti-vertigo and as an antiemetic drug.

α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and is obtained by isolating it from seed oils. α-Linolenic acid has been shown to improve memory, inhibit thrombosis, and lower blood lipids.

Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic compound that is widely used for the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome and the acute treatment of atrial or ventricular tachycardia. Ajmaline inhibits cardiac Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channels at therapeutic concentrations.

Alprenolol hydrochloride is a non-selective blocker of beta, and also is a antagonist of5-HT1A receptor.

Alprenolol (Alpheprol) is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonist that is also an antagonist of the serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B.

Gallopamil (Methoxyverapamil) inhibits acid secretion in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 10.9 μM. Gallopamil is a potent antiarrhythmic and vasodilator agent. Gallopamil (Methoxyverapamil), a methoxy derivative of Verapamil, is a phenylalkylamine calcium antagonist.

Gallopamil hydrochloride (Methoxyverapamil hydrochloride) is an antagonist of phenylalkylamine calcium. Gallopamil hydrochloride can be used in antiarrhythmic and vasodilator studies.

Pilsicainide HCl (SUN 1165) is a pure sodium channel blocker

Verapamil hydrochloride (Verapamil HCl) is a calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

Mexiletine hydrochloride (KOE-1173 hydrochloride) is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker and a Class IB antiarrhythmic drug. Mexiletine hydrochloride exerts antiarrhythmic effects by inhibiting sodium current in myocardial cells, thereby reducing the rise rate of cardiac action potential (phase 0) and reducing the automaticity of Purkinje fibers.

Amiodarone hydrochloride is an anti-anginal agent and a class III antiarrhythmic drug that inhibits potassium channels (including wild-type hERG channels and their tail currents, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 45 nM) as well as voltage-gated sodium channels. This leads to prolonged action potential duration in ventricular and atrial myocytes, resulting in reduced heart rate and vascular resistance. It activates ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in fibroblasts, promoting cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation. Amiodarone hydrochloride is widely used in the study of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias and can also be used to establish pulmonary fibrosis animal models.

Verapamil (CP-16533-1) is a calcium channel blocker and an orally active and effective inhibitor of P-gp. Verapamil inhibits CYP3A4 and can be used in studies about the treatment of high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias, and angina research.

Aplodan (creatinol-O-phosphate) exhibits antiischemic and antiarrhythmic capacity and protective action on the cell membrane. Aplodan can be used in research on the ischemic heart or ischemic heart disease with persistent ventricular premature beats.

Dofetilide (UK 68789) is a sulfonamide class III antiarrhythmic agent and potassium channel blocker. Dofetilide selectively blocks cardiac ion channels of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current Ikr. This antiarrhythmic agent prolongs cardiac action potential duration and effective refractory period due to delayed repolarization without affecting conduction velocity. This results in a normal sinus rhythm. Dofetilide is used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter.

NS3623 is an activator of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels with a dual mode of action, also acting as an inhibitor of hERG1 channels. It activates the IKr and Ito currents and exhibits an antiarrhythmic effect.

Disopyramide (Triombrin) is a class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.

Danegaptide Hydrochloride (GAP-134 (Hydrochloride)) (GAP-134 Hydrochloride) is a selective modifier of the gap junction protein.

Nifekalant hydrochloride is an IKr potassium channel blocker with an IC50 of 10 µM. It is a Class III antiarrhythmic compound and can be used in the study of tachyarrhythmias.

Sematilide hydrochloride (CK-1752) is a class III antiarrhythmic. It is a selectively delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) channel blocker. It inhibits rapidly activating Ik in guinea pig atrial myocytes, resulting in the prolongation of refractoriness and action potential duration.

1. Oxypeucedanin ((+-)-Oxypeucedanin) has novel anticancer effect, mediated via induction of G2-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. 2. Oxypeucedanin is a kind of open-channel blocker of the hKv1.5 channel and it prolongs the APD; therefore, it is an excellent candidate as an antiarrhythmic drug for atrial fibrillation.

Zacopride is a highly potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (Kd = 0.38 nM) and 5-HT4 receptor agonist (Ki = 373 nM). It also is a selective IK1 channel agonist.

Songorine (Napellonine) shows favorable anti-tumor activity in preliminary pharmacological verification trials including cell proliferation and molecular docking assays.

Propafenone (Propafenonum) is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. The electrophysiological effect of propafenone manifests itself in a reduction of upstroke velocity (Phase 0) of the monophasic action potential. In Purkinje fibers, and to a lesser extent myocardial fibers, propafenone reduces the fast inward current carried by sodium ions, which is responsible for the drugs antiarrhythmic actions. Diastolic excitability threshold is increased and effective refractory period prolonged. Propafenone reduces spontaneous automaticity and depresses triggered activity. At very high concentrations in vitro, propafenone can inhibit the slow inward current carried by calcium but this calcium antagonist effect probably does not contribute to antiarrhythmic efficacy.

Antiarrhythmic agent-1 (example I), functioning as an antiarrhythmic agent and an IKr potassium channel blocker (IC 50 <1 μM), effectively inhibits cardiac arrhythmias.