β-defensin-1

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Human β-defensin-1 (HβD-1) is a cysteine-rich, cationic skin antimicrobial peptide (SAP) produced by epithelial surfaces, circulatory cells, and cells of the reproductive tract, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of sperm-related bacteria.

Beta-defensin 1, pig, is an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs. It exhibits activity against a variety of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

Beta-defensin 1, pig TFA, an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs, exhibits activity against a diverse range of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

Beta-defensin 103 isoform X1, pig, is an antimicrobial peptide found in various organisms, essential for the initial defense mechanisms of the innate immune system against pathogens [1].

Beta-defensin 103 isoform X1, pig TFA, is an antimicrobial peptide found in various living organisms, crucial for the initial defense of the innate immune system against pathogens [1].

Bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 12, an antimicrobial peptide originating from bovine neutrophils, exhibits antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [1].

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

Nonanoic acid-D17 is the deuterated form of Nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid (T3947) is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid composed of nine carbon atoms. It is known to significantly reduce bacterial translocation, enhance antibacterial activity, and notably increase the secretion of porcine β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.

Nonanoic acid-D2 is the deuterated form of Nonanoic acid, which is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid with a nine-carbon structure. Nonanoic acid (T3947) significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antimicrobial activity, and notably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.

Nonanoic acid-D4 is the deuterated form of Nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid (T3947) is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. It notably reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antimicrobial activity, and significantly increases the secretion of porcine β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.

Nonanoic acid-D3 is a deuterated form of Nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. It significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and markedly increases the secretion of pig β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.

Nonanoic Acid-D17 (Standard) is a reference standard of Nonanoic Acid-D17 intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. Nonanoic acid-d17 is the deuterated form of Nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid composed of nine carbon atoms. It is known to significantly reduce bacterial translocation, enhance antibacterial activity, and notably increase the secretion of porcine β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.

Nonanoic Acid-D3 (Standard) is a reference standard of Nonanoic Acid-D3 intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. Nonanoic acid-d3 is a deuterated form of Nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. It significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and markedly increases the secretion of pig β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.

Nonanoic Acid-D4 (Standard) is a reference standard of Nonanoic Acid-D4 intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. Nonanoic acid-d4 is the deuterated form of Nonanoic acid. Nonanoic acid is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. It notably reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antimicrobial activity, and significantly increases the secretion of porcine β-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2.