sugar

Perillartine (DL-Perillartine) is a sweetener. Perillartine activates the taste receptor type 1 member 2 (Tas1r2) subunit in a species-dependent manner.

Maltose (maltobiose) is a dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing.

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

D-(+)-Trehalose (Mycose) can inhibit the decomposition of collagen, so it can be used to improve osteoporosis.

D-Fructose (D-arabino-hexulose) , also known as D-(-)-Fructose or D-(-)-Levulose, is classified as a member of the Monosaccharides.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a monosaccharide, a natural glucose, a sweetener. D-Glucose is the main functional substance of living organisms, and is used as a nutrient in medicine, with diuretic, detoxification and cardiotonic effects.

D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate), also known as Fosfructose, is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate. It functions by promoting anaerobic glycolysis, which generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under ischemic conditions. This compound holds potential for research in cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia, and asthma.

Maltotriose is an inducer of E. coli maltose regulator, the second most abundant sugar in brewing. It induces beta-galactosidase synthesis.

Xylitol (Ribitol) is a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener.

DL-Xylose ((±)-Xylos) is a sugar first derived from wood. DL-Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type.

Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-b-D-Glucose) is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM mM creatinine to 100 uM mM creatinine).

L-Leucine ((S)-Leucine) is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), L-Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. L-Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. L-Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. L-Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare.

D-Ribose(mixture of isomers) (D-(-)-Ribose), commonly referred to as simply ribose, is a five-carbon sugar found in all living cells. Ribose is not an essential nutrient because it can be synthesized by almost every tissue in the body from other substances, such as glucose. It is vital for life as a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP, and AMP.

L-Erythrulose (L-glycero-Tetrulose) is a ketose extracted from sugar cane that has tanning and moisturizing effects and is often added to skin care products.

L-Isoleucine (Ile) is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

D-(+)-Melezitose hydrate (melicitose) is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis by an enzyme reaction.

Esafosfan trisodium (FDP trisodium) is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate for the potential treatment of sickle cell anemia, cardiovascular ischemia and asthma. It acts by stimulating anaerobic glycolysis which generates adenosine triphosphate under ischemic conditions.

α-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation.

(E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid is a small molecule compound isolated from the rhizome of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R. M. Sm. It is a novel α-glucosidase inhibitor with hepatoprotective, antiamnesic, and cognitive enhancement activities, and it can be used to lower blood pressure sugar.

D-Galactose (Alpha-D-galactose) is an aldohexose that exists naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins and is converted enzymatically into D-glucose for metabolism or polysaccharides for storage. It accelerates senescence in invertebrates and mammals and has been used as a model for aging.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

Maltitol (4-O-α-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol) is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a sugar substitute.

Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-Glucose sodium salt) is an endogenous nucleotide sugar involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. It is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor (EC50 = 0.35 μM) and can also bind to and activate GPR17, inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation at a maximal concentration of 100 μM.

meso-Erythritol (Phycitol) is a four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator.

Pharmatose DCL 14 (D-Lactose monohydrate) is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Pharmatose DCL 14 is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It could regulate human's intestinal microflora.

Rhamnose monohydrate (L-(+)-Rhamnose Monohydrate) is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar that is found primarily in plants and some bacteria.

2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate (Guanine-2'-deoxyriboside) is a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. It is like guanosine, but with one oxygen atom removed. It is a nucleoside component of DNA. 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate can be converted to 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) due to hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. 8-OHdG is a sensitive marker of the DNA damage This damage, if left unrepaired, has been proposed to contribute to mutagenicity and cancer promotion.

Ribostamycin sulfate (Vistamycin sulfate) , an aminoglycoside antibiotic, contains a neutral sugar moiety and is produced by Streptomyces ribosome.

D-(-)-Arabinose is a reducing sugar useful as a substrate in analysis of arabinose isomerases and synthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in yeast. It shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM.

Dulcite (D-Galactitol) is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate (5'-AMP) , also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.

2'-Deoxycytidine is one of the major nucleosides of DNA consisting of cytosine and deoxyribose and inhibits the biological effects of bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). The nucleoside consists only of a pentose sugar attached to a purine or pyrimidine base and has no phosphate group. When N1 is attached to C1 of deoxyribose, deoxyribosides and nucleotides are formed from cytosine and deoxyribose; deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). cTP is the source of cytosine in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is the source of deoxycytidine in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Itaconic acid is a polymer.

Sucralose is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener and sugar substitute that stimulates appetite in rodents by activating a conserved neural fasting response.

5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. Uridine 5'-monophosphate (Uridylic acid) is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil.

D-Fructose-6-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate) is a sugar intermediate in the glycolytic pathway produced by the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate by glucose phosphate isomerase, and is used in cancer research.

Terpinen-4-ol (4-Carvomenthenol) is a natural compound derived from Pimpinella yunnanensis.

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a methyl derivative of glycine first isolated from sugar beets. It has been shown to have potential benefits for fighting heart disease, improving body composition, and helping promote muscle gain and fat loss because of its abilities to promote protein synthesis in the body.

D-(+)-Cellobiose (Cellobiose) is a disaccharide, a reducing sugar, consists of two β-glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid.

D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose, occurring naturally and also produced synthetically from glucose. Formerly used as a diuretic, it may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for certain surgical procedures. It is also utilized in various manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.

Sisomicin Sulfate (Pathomycin) is the sulfate salt form of sisomicin, a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Micromonospora inyoensis. Sisomicin is structurally similar to gentamicin but has a unique unsaturated diamino sugar. Of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, sisomicin has the greatest activity against gram-positive bacteria.

Liothyronine (Tresitope) is an active form of thyroid hormone, binding to β1 thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ1), and activates its activity.

2'-Deoxycytidine is one of the major nucleosides of DNA consisting of cytosine and deoxyribose and inhibits the biological effects of bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). The nucleoside consists only of a pentose sugar attached to a purine or pyrimidine base and has no phosphate group. When N1 is attached to C1 of deoxyribose, deoxyribosides and nucleotides are formed from cytosine and deoxyribose; deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). cTP is the source of cytosine in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is the source of deoxycytidine in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Itaconic acid is a polymer.

UDP-g acid is a sugar used in the production of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid

L-(-)-Mannose ((2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal) is a naturally occurring non-reducing sugar commonly used as a food additive.

Tsugaric acid A significantly inhibits superoxide anion formation in fMLP CB-stimulated rat neutrophils and protects human keratinocytes against damage induced by ultraviolet B (UV B) light, indicating that tsugaric acid A can safeguard keratinocytes from photodamage.

Inosinic acid (IMP) is a purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. Inosinic acid is a nucleotide present in muscle and other tissues. It is formed by the deamination of AMP and when hydrolysed produces inosine. Inosinic acid is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and is the first compound formed during the synthesis of purine.Inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) is used as a substrate to study the distribution, specificity and kinetics of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).

D-Ribonolactone is a sugar lactone and an inhibitor of β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli (Ki: 26 mM).

UDP-xylose, a natural product isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401), serves as a sugar donor in the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides across plants, vertebrates, and fungi [1] [2].