keratinocyte

Tracheloside significantly decreases the activity of alkaline phosphatase (IC50: 0.31 μg/ml), a level of inhibition comparable to that of tamoxifen (IC50: 0.43 μg/ml).

(1S)-Calcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin-D3), a natural metabolite of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), exerts potent actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation, including the inhibition of keratinocyte growth and suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion [1].

1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol is a biologically active alkyl glyceryl ether that exhibits protective effects against UVB-induced cellular damage by reducing keratinocyte death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). additionally, at a concentration of 50 μM, 1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol significantly enhances coronary flow and left ventricular developed pressure while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in an ex vivo rat heart model of ischemia and reperfusion injury, thereby demonstrating both cytoprotective and cardioprotective properties.

Aureusimine B, also known as phevalin, is a natural pyrazinone produced by certain fungi and by Staphylococcus spp., including S. aureus. Its synthesis appears to be initiated by a conserved nonribosomal peptide synthetase that creates a dipeptide (phenylalanine-valine) aldehyde, which then undergoes cyclization and oxidation. Aureusimine B inhibits calpain in a casein hydrolysis assay (IC50 = 1.3 μM), contributes to S. aureus infection in mice, and alters human keratinocyte gene expression.

4-Methyl-1-pentanol exhibits inhibitory activity against SCC-25 cells and NHK cells (normal human keratinocytes), making it useful for cancer research.

Cholesterol sulfate is a multifunctional endogenous sterol sulfate and selective DOCK2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 μM in mouse assays. Cholesterol sulfate plays multiple roles including in epidermal barrier formation by regulating keratinocyte differentiation and corneocyte desquamation, functions as a serine-protease inhibitor, acts as a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and activates RORα/γ in the thymus. Cholesterol sulfate serves as a critical research tool for investigating cutaneous biology, immunomodulation, steroid metabolism, sperm capacitation, platelet aggregation, and disorders such as X-linked ichthyosis.