intestinal inflammatory

Acotiamide monohydrochloride trihydrate (Z-338 HCl) is the hydrochloride salt form of acotiamide, a prokinetic agent with gastrointestinal (GI) motility-enhancing activity. Although the exact mechanism by which acotiamide exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AchE), an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine (Ach). Increased Ach concentrations lead to an improvement of gastric emptying and GI motility and eventually to a reduction of dyspepsia symptoms.

Linaprazan glurate inhibits both exogenously and endogenously stimulated gastric acid secretion and can be utilized in studies on gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases and peptic ulcer diseases.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 36,000–50,000) is a medium molecular weight polyanionic dextran derivative with strong intestinal epithelial permeability. It is the most commonly used agent for inducing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models, effectively inducing both acute and chronic colitis. Its mechanism may involve macrophage dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Due to its colonic epithelial toxicity, long-term use can also induce colorectal cancer models.

Oxazolone is a haptenating agent that can induce models of acute or chronic colitis and atopic dermatitis. It activates Th1/Th2 responses, leading to weight loss and diarrhea, and the resulting inflammation can be alleviated by anti-IL-4 antibodies, anti-TNF-α antibodies, or IL-13R2α-Fc fusion proteins. It is also suitable for studying gene expression related to inflammatory bowel disease in zebrafish.

Dersalazine (Dersalazine Free Base), an inhibitor of platelet-activating factor, exerts intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in different rodent types of colitis by down-regulating IL-17 expression, with potential efficacy in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Berberine chloride (Natural Yellow 18) is an alkaloid derived from Hydrastis canadensis L. of the Berberidaceae family, serving as a commonly used intestinal antibacterial agent. Berberine chloride exhibits biological activities including anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, lipid-regulating, antitumor, and cardiovascular protective effects. Berberine chloride can be utilized in research on chronic diseases and tumors.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived from histamine through enzymatic decarboxylation; it acts as a histamine receptor agonist and vasodilator. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound that participates in local immune responses and regulates intestinal physiological functions. Histamine is a potent stimulant of gastric secretion, a bronchoconstrictor, a vasodilator, and a centrally acting neurotransmitter. Histamine influences the p38 MAPK/Akt signaling pathway and exhibits antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Histamine can be used in research on acute myeloid leukemia, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) is a polymer of dehydrated glucose and an inhibitor of complement and coagulation pathways. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can be used as an anticoagulant, antiviral agent and antilipidemic agent. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can prevent the HIV-1 virus from adsorbing onto host cells. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can inhibit the immediate blood-mediated inflammatory response (IBMIR).

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is a natural product and a TGR5 receptor agonist with cell permeability and oral activity. As a metabolite of intestinal flora, this compound is widely used in research on bile acid signal transduction, glucose and lipid metabolism, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and has shown therapeutic potential in diabetes and liver disease models.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

3-Indoleacrylic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan produced by Peptostreptococcus species. 3-Indoleacrylic acid has a beneficial effect on intestinal epithelial barrier function and mitigates inflammatory responses by immune cells.

Thalifendine is one of the main products of Berberine demethylation catalyzed by CYP51 (secreted by intestinal flora), which has anti-inflammatory effects, reduces intestinal inflammation, improves intestinal barrier function, and reduces the production of inflammatory factors.

Terlipressin Acetate, a highly selective vasopressin V1 receptor agonist, on oxygen and glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced damage in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6).Terlipressin acetate exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Terlipressin acetate has the potential for hepatorenal syndrome and norepinephrine-resistant septic shock research.

Carotegrast is a selective α4 integrin antagonist that inhibits the migration of inflammatory cells to the intestinal mucosa by blocking the interaction between α4β1/α4β7 integrins and their ligands. Carotegrast is used in research and clinical practice for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis; it exerts local anti-inflammatory effects and results in low systemic exposure.

L-Homocysteine is a biological thiol involved in various diseases and pathological conditions. It is a marker for atherosclerosis and can exacerbate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by promoting the expression of 5-LOX and COX-2, making it suitable for inducing vascular endothelial inflammation models.

Stercobilin hydrochloride (mixture of isomers) is a bile pigment metabolized by intestinal bacteria and also acts as an inhibitor of HIV protease (HIVProtease) with a Ki of 4 μM. This compound can induce pro-inflammatory activity in mouse macrophage RAW264 cells, including the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Stercobilin hydrochloride (mixture of isomers) is utilized in research on inflammation and viral infections.

X-17 is a potent Vanin-1 inhibitor known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It reduces the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibits myeloperoxidase activity, while enhancing colonic glutathione reserves and restoring the intestinal barrier.

ISM012-042 is an orally active inhibitor of PHD1 and PHD2, with IC50 values of 1.9 and 2.5 nM, respectively. At a concentration of 2.5 μM, ISM012-042 protects Caco-2 cells from DSS-induced barrier damage. Additionally, in LPS-induced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from mice, ISM012-042 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by dose-dependently reducing the expression of IL-12 subunit IL-12p35 and TNF. It also restores intestinal barrier function and alleviates intestinal inflammation in various experimental colitis models. ISM012-042 is useful for studying intestinal mucosal repair and immune disorders.

Deprodone is an active compound that inhibits key processes such as bacterial cell wall synthesis by interacting with hydrolase and transferase proteins of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is applied in the research of MRSA infections, inflammatory skin diseases, intestinal disorders, and fatty acid metabolism disorders.

4-Iodobutyl benzoate is structurally related to bicyclic heterocyclic compounds such as indole and indoline. It functions as a metabolite of drug amides and is utilized in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, degenerative diseases, and intestinal disorders. 4-Iodobutyl benzoate inhibits the activity of proteolytic enzymes by binding to their active sites.

t9,t11,c15-CLNA is an isomer of conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058. It exhibits key activities including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as enhancement of intestinal barrier function. The regulatory mechanisms of t9,t11,c15-CLNA involve the upregulation of tight junction proteins, the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6), and the activation of antioxidant enzymes (such as SOD, CAT). t9,t11,c15-CLNA can be utilized in research on inflammatory bowel disease (like colitis).

Vasoactive intestinal peptide is an agonist of VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors (G protein-coupled receptors). In a model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis, it reduces corneal perforation rates, decreases bacterial load, and inhibits excessive neutrophil infiltration. It enhances anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 and TGF-β while suppressing pro-inflammatory factors like IL-1β and TNF-α, and upregulates lipid mediator-related enzymes (SOCS3, COX-2, ALOX12) to facilitate inflammation resolution. Vasoactive intestinal peptide shows promise for the research of ocular infectious diseases.

sEH-IN-21 is an orally active inhibitor of sEH, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.1 nM for both hsEH and msEH. It significantly suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway. sEH-IN-21 demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory activity by reducing IL-6 and TNF-α release and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. It is applicable in research on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

DHMB (2,3-Dihydroxy-4-Methoxybenzaldehyde) exerts protective effects on intestinal epithelial cells. DHMB exhibits anti-inflammatory and antifungal capacity.