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BMS-1 (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 1) is an inhibitor of the PD1-PD-L1 protein-protein interaction. It also acts as an immunomodulator. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the CD274 gene and the upregulation of PD-L1 allows Ys to evade the host immune system. High tumor expression of PD-L1 was associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and a 4.5-fold increased risk of death.

LY 3000328 (Cathepsin S inhibitor) is a selective inhibitor of cathepsin S with IC50 values ​​of 7.7 and 1.67 nM for human and mouse cathepsin S, respectively. LY 3000328 (Cathepsin S inhibitor) may slow or prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) expansion and/or reduce the risk of AAA rupture by inhibiting cathepsin S-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, elastin and collagen.

Icosabutate (NST-4016) is an orally active derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid that inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in NASH, improves cardiovascular risk profiles in statin-treated patients with residual hypertriglyceridemia, lowers triglycerides, and may be useful in studies of liver fibrosis and atherosclerosis.

PF-04937319 is an activator of glucokinase (EC50 =154.4  μM). PF-04937319 maintains glucose-lowering efficacy while mitigating the risk of hypoglycemia observed with many other glucokinase activators. PF-04937319 can be used in research on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Indolidan (LY 195115) induces cardiovascular and adrenal hyperplastic lesions in Fischer 344 rats. Indolidan increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Tea polyphenol, also called green tea extract, are a mixture of chemical compounds, such as flavanoids and tannins, found naturally in tea. Polyphenols are powerful antioxidants, which can reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease and a number

Oxeladin citrate is a highly potent and effective cough suppressant, which can treat all types of cough of various etiologies. It is not related to opium or its derivatives, so treatment with oxeladin is no risk of addiction. And it has none of the side effects (such as hypnosis, respiratory depression, tolerance, constipation and analgesia) which are present when common antitussives. It can used at every age, as well as in patients with heart disease, since it is high level of safety and a great selectivity to act on the bulbar centre of cough.

Folic acid is an orally active essential nutrient involved in the synthesis of DNA/RNA and the production and maintenance of new cells. It exhibits antidepressant-like effects and can reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. Folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, macrocytic anemia, neural tube closure defects, tumors, and aging-related diseases. Folic acid is also commonly used in research on folate deficiency-related conditions and to induce acute kidney injury models.

Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate (Lithium citrate tribasic tetrahydrate) , the active component of Lithium, is a medicine used in the therapy of psychiatric disease. It has shown the effects of signaling pathways and metabolic in the brain based on the particular disease and clinical condition model. According to the reports, Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate was used as a mood stabilizer when treating bipolar mood disorders (BD) and lower the risk of self-harm in BD patient. In addition,Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate has been the choice drug in the therapy of acute manic episodes.Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate also could dissolve uric acid crystals in urine achieved from patients with gout. Besides,Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate have some dose-dependent side-effects. The the main side-effects of Lithium Citrate is the tendency to inhibit the prostatic acid phosphatase enzyme (PAP), which result in the accumulation of PAP.

Abacavir (Ziagen) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor analog of guanosine. This agent decreases HIV viral loads, retards or prevents the damage to the immune system, and reduces the risk of developing AIDS.

Nevirapine (NVP) is a benzodiazepine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. In combination with other antiretroviral drugs, nevirapine reduces HIV viral loads and increases CD4 counts, thereby retarding or preventing the damage to the immune system and reducing the risk of developing AIDS.

Polidocanol (Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether) is an alkyl polyethylene glycol ether of lauryl alcohol, which is a derivative of natural fatty or alkyl alcohols in natural mineral oil and is a hardener. Polidocanol can be used as a local anesthetic, but in combination with other anesthetic drugs there is a risk of enhancing the effects of the anesthetic drugs on the cardiovascular system.

Zinc sulfate heptahydrate is a dietary supplement used for zinc deficiency and to prevent the condition in those at high risk.

Pitavastatin calcium (NK-104) is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (Ki: 1.7 nM). It lowers both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals and humans. Metabolism of pitavastatin by the cytochrome P450 system is minimal, reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Nervonic acid (Selacholeic acid) is a long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is enriched in sphingomyelin. It consists of choline, sphingosine, phosphoric acid, and fatty acid. Nervonic acid may enhance the brain functions and prevent demyelination (Chemical Land21). Research shows that there is negative relationship between nervonic acid and obesity-related risk factors. Demyelination in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is associated with an accumulation of very long chain saturated fatty acids stemming from a genetic defect in the peroxisomal beta oxidation system responsible for the chain shortening of these fatty acids. Sphingolipids from post mortem ALD brain have decreased levels of nervonic acid, 24:1(n-9), and increased levels of stearic acid, 18:0.

Phthalate ester used as plasticizers and additives. Used in toxicology studies as well as risk assessment studies of food contamination that occurs via migration of phthalates into foodstuffs from food-contact materials (FCM).

Glycolic acid oxidase inhibitor 1 (compound 2 in table 1) is an inhibitor of glycolate oxidase, which reduces the risk of kidney stone formation. It also inhibits the contraction of guinea pig ileum induced by slow reactive substances (SRS-A) caused by allergic reactions, and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic diseases such as asthma.

Semaglutide TFA is a glucagon-like peptide-1 congener that induces weight loss, lowers blood glucose levels, and reduces cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients.Semaglutide TFA induces mild-to-moderate and transient gastrointestinal disturbances, and may be used in the study of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Hydrocortisone buteprate is a medium-potent, non-halogenated double-ester derivative of hydrocortisone that has researches indicate highly favorable benefit-to-risk ratio in inflammatory dermatological disorders.

Lidoflazine is a high-affinity blocker of the HERG K+ channel and is an antianginal calcium channel blocker. It carries an obvious risk of QT interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia.

Metrizoic acid is an ionic contrast medium. Metrizoic acid displays high osmolality and has a risk of inducing allergic reactions.

Odiparcil is an orally active beta-d-thioxyloside analog. Odiparcil is an indirect thrombin inhibitor that exerts its anticoagulant effect through activation of antithrombin II (heparin cofactor II). It also has an antithrombotic activity associated with a reduced risk of adverse bleeding events.

Taribavirin is an orally active inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor designed to concentrate within the liver to target HCV-infected hepatocytes, while minimizing distribution within red blood cells (RBCs) and thereby reducing the risk of developing hemolytic anemia.