neuronal death

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) is an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, including rice. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of various tumor cells. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) protects monocytes against statin-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium.

LY339434 HCl is a low affinity GluR5 erythrocyte receptor agonist.LY339434 HCl causes rapid neuronal death primarily by affecting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ammonium (Farnesyl diphosphate ammonium) is a metabolic intermediate of the MVA pathway that acts as a newly identified danger signal to trigger acute cell death and induce neuronal loss in stroke.

Peptide5 acetate reduces animal swelling, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Peptide5 acetate significantly reduces the degree of spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rodent ex vivo model.

Calcineurin Autoinhibitory Peptide acetate is a selectivecalcineurin phosphatase inhibitor(IC50 ~ 10 μM). Calcineurin Autoinhibitory Peptide acetate can be used in the protection of neurons from excitatory neuronal death.

N6-Cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) is a selective agonist of A1 receptor with EC50 of 8.2 Nm. N6-Cyclohexyladenosine exerts anticonvulsant effects and protects against neuronal death. CHA was also found to inhibit the pressor effects of lumbar sympathetic nerve stimulation in rats.

NSC117079 is a novel PHLPP1/2 (Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase) inhibitor that activates neuronal AKT and ameliorates staurosporine-induced cell death in neurons.

Aloenin B, a compound isolated from the leaves and roots of Aloe vera, has neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neuronal death in HT22 cells.

Afoxolaner is an isoxazoline insecticide/acaricide against Ixodes scapularis in dogs. Afoxolaner acts on the insect GABA and glutamate receptors, inhibiting GABA & glutamate-regulated uptake of chloride ions, resulting in excess neuronal stimulation and death of the arthropod.

ALLM (Calpain inhibitor II), a potent calpain and cathepsin protease inhibitor, not only prevents neuronal cell death but also enhances chronic neurological function following spinal cord injury (SCI)[1][2].

CD3254 is a selective and potent retinoid X receptor-like (RXR) agonist that inhibits neuronal cell death with OGD/reoxygenation.

KU-32 is a novel and novobiocin-based Hsp90 inhibitor. It can protect against neuronal cell death.

P7C3 is a class of neuroprotective aminopropyl carbazoles which has been shown to block neuronal cell death in models of neurodegeneration. It was shown that P7C3 molecules additionally preserve axonal integrity after injury, before neuronal cell death occurs, in a rodent model of blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (TBI). This protective quality may be linked to the ability of P7C3 molecules to activate nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage.

PaPE-1 is a pathway-preferential estrogen that activates extracellular nuclear signaling pathways without affecting nuclear signaling pathways. It exerts anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting Aβ-induced caspase activity and reducing chromatin condensation associated with apoptosis, thereby preventing neuronal cell death. Additionally, post-treatment with PaPE-1 decreases the mRNA expression of apoptosis-specific factors (such as Bax, Gsk3b, Fas, and Fasl) under Aβ influence, while upregulating Bcl2 expression.

TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock is a high-affinity fluorescent prodrug-like inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT). It is capable of crossing cell membranes and is activated by hydrolysis from endogenous cellular esterases to form an active EAAT inhibitor. TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock is useful for studying neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death.

The PKR Inhibitor, negative control, is an inactive structural analog of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) inhibitors, serving as a negative control. Additionally, it can inhibit LK-induced neuronal death, demonstrating significant neuroprotective properties.

Glyphosate isopropylammonium is a broad-spectrum, non-selective systemic biocide derived from the amino acid glycine. It inhibits the enzyme activity of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, blocking the synthesis of aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Additionally, Glyphosate isopropylammonium induces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to neuronal death through autophagy, necrosis, or apoptosis, resulting in behavioral and motor disturbances.

β-Amyloid (1-42), human, Ala(13C3,15N) TFA is a β-Amyloid (1-42), human marked with 13C and 15N. This unprocessed HFIP peptide comprises 42 amino acids and is a brain-permeable amyloid fragment, useful for researching Alzheimer's and Down syndrome. In monomer form, β-Amyloid (1-42), human provides antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Upon HFIP monomerization and DMSO solvent preparation, it forms soluble oligomers (AβOs) at 4°C, which exhibit synaptotoxicity and neurotoxicity, while at 37°C it forms insoluble fibrils with lower neurotoxicity, involved in oxidative damage. Aβ42 oligomers interact with neuronal surface receptors such as PrPc, mGluR5, and NMDA receptor, activating signaling pathways that induce oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, synaptotoxicity, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.

CA 074 is a potent inhibitor of cathepsin B with a Ki value of 2 to 5 nM.CA 074 inhibits ischemic hippocampal neuronal death in primates and attenuates retinopathy and optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by SJL/J mice.

ICL-SIRT078 is a highly selective inhibitor of substrate-competitive SIRT2 that acts by displaying a significant neuroprotective effect in a lactacystin-induced model of Parkinsonian neuronal cell death in the N27 cell line.

beta-Neuroprotectin is a (3H)TCP binding inhibitor and provides protection against NMDA mediated neuronal cell death at low concentration.

Trans-Clovamide (trans-Clovamide) is a naturally occurring caffeoyl conjugate identified in the antioxidant polyphenolic fraction of cocoa (T. cacao L.) Trans-Clovamide is a potent antioxidantand that has shown neuroprotective effects (EC50s = 0.9-3.7 µM) in several in vitro models of neuronal death. Trans-Clovamide is an excellent ROS and oxygen radical scavenger and also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Clovamide is an anti-microbial with activity against the human pathogens influenza A subtype H5N1, Trypanosoma evansi, and Heliobacter pylori.

SGE516 is a neuroactive steroid and a positive allosteric modulator of both gamma- and delta-containing GABAA receptors. SGE516 reduces neuronal firing rates and epileptiform activity in vitro. SGE-516 protects against acute seizures and reduces neuronal

Collismycin A is a bacterial metabolite from *Streptomyces* with antibacterial, antiproliferative, and neuroprotective properties. It exhibits activity against various bacteria (MICs = 6.25-100 μg/ml) and fungi (MICs = 12.5-100 μg/ml). It inhibits proliferation of A549 lung, HCT116 colon, and HeLa cervical cancer cells (IC50s = 0.3, 0.6, and 0.3 μM, respectively) and NIH373 fibroblasts (IC50 = 56.6 μM) but not MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells (IC50 > 100 μM). Collismycin A forms a complex with Fe(II) and Fe(III) in a 2:1 ratio, with iron ions inhibiting its antiproliferative effect on HeLa cells, an effect not observed with zinc, manganese, copper, or magnesium ions. Additionally, Collismycin A (1 μM) reduces apoptosis in zebrafish larvae brain regions by 44% in a model of neuronal cell death induced by all-trans retinoic acid.