xanthine

Xanthine (Isoxanthine) is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the Xanthine oxidase enzyme. Xanthine is found in most body tissues and fluids in various organisms. Biologically Xanthine is produced from guanine by cypin (guanine deaminase). Furthermore, Xanthines act as antagonists for adenosine receptors, with selectivity depending on whether there are substitution of alkyl groups.

8-methyl-xanthine is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T131587.

Xanthine oxidase-IN-8 (Icarisids J) (Compound 7) acts as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.71 μM [1].

Xanthine Oxidase-IN-9 (also known as Icarisids E or Compound 2) effectively inhibits xanthine oxidase (XOD) with an IC50 value of 31.81 μM [1].

3-Methylxanthine, a xanthine derivative, is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) inhibitor with an IC50 of 920 μM on guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle. It inhibits xanthine crystallization and could protect patients with xanthinuria from developing renal xanthine calculi.

Hypoxanthine (Purin-6-ol), also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp. Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid.hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase.

7-Methylxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, the purine component of human urinary calculi.7-Methylxanthine has an affinity for adenosine receptors.7-Methylxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, the purine component of human urinary calculi.7-Methylxanthine has an affinity for adenosine receptors.

1-Methylxanthine is a caffeine derivative. 1-Methylxanthine is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP). 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.

Paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) is a metabolite of caffeine (sc-202514) which functions as an adenosine receptor ligand and a PARP-1 inhibitor in pulmonary epithelial cells. Studies suggest that Paraxanthine is structurally similar to caffeine and possibly mediates the physiological effects of caffeine. Also Paraxanthine acts as a competitive phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which increases intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF-α and leukotriene synthesis. In addition, Paraxanthine acts as a Na+ K+ ATPase enzymatic effector.

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility.

Nicotinamide N-oxide (Nicotinamide 1-oxide) is recognized as an in vivo metabolite of nicotinamide which is a precurser of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in animals. The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nicotinamide N-oxide to nicotinamide in the liver is xanthine oxidase.

Theobromine (3,7-Dimethylxanthine), a xanthine alkaloid, is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator.

Diphylline (Diprophylline) is a xanthine derivative. Diphylline exerts bronchodilator effects and to a lesser extent vasodilator and diuretic properties. Diphylline probably acts as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase which leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP. This results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and other smooth muscles. Diphylline may also antagonize adenosinereceptors. Diphylline is used in the treatment of acute bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Acefylline (Theophylline-7-acetic acid), a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class, acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. It is combined with diphenhydramine in the pharmaceutical preparation Etanautine to help offset its stimulant effects

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Phytic acid (Fytic Acid) is a complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

4-Hydroxyacetophenone (4-Acetylphenol) is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Broussochalcone A is a natural antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor (IC50 = 2.21 μM) that scavenges free radicals, inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation, and reduces nitric oxide synthesis in LPS-activated macrophages. Broussochalcone A induces apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells by increasing ROS levels and activating the FOXO3 signaling pathway. Broussochalcone A is also a novel NR4A1 inhibitor that induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through NR4A1-dependent pathways.

Xanthosine (9-Beta-D-Ribofuranosylxanthine) is a xanthine nucleoside that increases the number of mammary stem cells and milk production in goats and cattle.

Prudomestin (3,5,7-Trihydroxy-4',8-dimethoxyflavone) is a natural product isolated from the heartwood of Prunus domestica, with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity with IC50 of 6 µM.

N-Demethylricinine (4-Methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile) was reported as xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Purpurogallin, a naturally occurring phenol extracted from Quercus spp. plants, exhibits potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.2 μM) and also possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.