proline

L-Proline (proline) is a nonessential amino acid in humans. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.

cis-L-Hydroxyproline inhibits the synthesis and extracellular deposition of collagen. The growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells induced by the Hyp isomer could be due to endoplasmatic reticulum stress.

DL-Proline is a DL mixture of proline with multiple biological activities, capable of inhibiting EGFR and sodium-dependent proline transporters, and is commonly used in solid-phase or liquid-phase peptide synthesis.

L-Hydroxyproline (L-Hydroxyprolin) is one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers. L-Hydroxyproline is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.

Thiaproline has been used in peptide coupling reactions.

trans-N-Methyl-4-methoxyproline, a natural product and Proline derivative, can be isolated from the stems of Petiveria alliacea [1].

L-Arginine hydrochloride serve as substrates and nitrogen donors for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to produce nitric oxide (NO). They are transported into vascular smooth muscle cells via cationic amino acid transporters, where they are metabolized into NO, polyamines, or L-proline. As effective vasodilators, they are commonly used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis models.

D-(-)-Lactic acid is a normal intermediate in sugar fermentation (oxidation, metabolism). It is identified as a competitive inhibitor of ProDH (proline dehydrogenase) in plants.

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). L-Arginine is transported to vascular smooth muscle cells via a family of cationic amino acid transporters and is metabolized to nitric oxide, polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

Hygric acid (N-Methyl-L-proline) is a proline analogue found in citrus juices and bergamot juice.

H-D-cis-Hyp-OH (D-allo-Hydroxyproline) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

L-Citrulline, an amino acid, is derived from ornithine during the catabolism of proline, glutamate, or glutamine, and also from L-arginine via the arginine-citrulline pathway.

(R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-Proline) is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Proline. D-amino acids, including D-Proline, are found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva, potentially originating from bacterial sources or endogenous production via amino acid racemase activity.

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid ((2S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) is a toxic proline analogue produced by members of the Liliaceae and Agavaciae families.

Brevianamide F (Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Trp)), also known as cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Pro), is a naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazine with notable breast cancer resistance protein inhibitory activity.

Microcolin B, an acylpeptide immunosuppressant, is a highly potent and biologically unique compound containing proline. It is derived from the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscule.

H-Gly-Pro-OH (Glycyl proline) is a dipeptide composed of glycine and proline, and is an end product of collagen metabolism

Stachydrine (N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline) is a major constituent of Chinese herb leonurus heterophyllus sweet used to promote blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Stachydrine (N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline) can inhibit the NF-κB signal pathway. Stachydrine (N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline) is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits.

Arecaidine hydrochloride may have carcinogenesis.

Arecaidine hydrobromide is the salt form of Arecaidine, a pyridine alkaloid with potent GABA uptake inhibitory properties that acts as a substrate for H+-coupled amino acid transporter protein 1 (PAT1, SLC36A1) to competitively inhibit the uptake of L-proline.

Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a non-proteinogenic amino acid homologue of proline found in common [beets], can be misincorporated into proteins in place of proline in various species, including humans, and is both toxic and teratogenic.

Fibrostatin B is a compound identified in Streptomyces sp. that functions as a proline hydroxylase (proline hydroxylase) inhibitor.

Fibrostatin A is a substance identified in Streptomyces, known for its function as a proline hydroxylase (proline hydroxylase).