oxidative damage

Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative.

Neocuproine is a copper(I) chelator that enhances the purinergic component of vasoconstriction induced by electric field stimulation, and is often used as a ligand reagent and copper ion detector.Neocuproine forms stable complexes with copper ions and can play a catalytic role in certain chemical reactions and analytical methods.Neocuproine acts as a redox-active on the iron and cobalt ligand platform for protection against oxidative damage in NSC34 cells.

Sodium citrate (Natrocitral) is the sodium salt of citric acid.Citric acid trisodium induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase. Sodium citrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities.

1. Phlorizin dihydrate (Phloridzin dihydrate) can significantly inhibit oxidative DNA damage.

Lipopolysaccharides from *E. coli* (Escherichia coli) O26:B6 are endotoxins derived from *E. coli* that function as TLR-4 activators. These S-type LPS molecules can trigger pathogenic-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and encourage the release of exosomes. Structurally, they are composed of three parts: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and Lipid A, and can be identified by the monoclonal antibody MAb J8-4C10. This compound can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma, leading to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and causing oxidative damage to the adrenal glands. However, the pathogenic activity of Lipopolysaccharides from *E. coli* O26:B6 can be inhibited by PD149163 (HY-123434).

Tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA) serves as an effective accelerator ligand for copper-catalysed azide-alkyne coupling (CuAAC), concurrently reducing toxicity to cells or organisms.

4-Amino-TEMPO is employed as a spin label to detect free radicals and the damage they cause. It mimics the activity of superoxide dismutase and can easily penetrate cells, thus safeguarding them against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Moreover, 4-Amino-TEMPO demonstrates significant radioprotective properties, effectively shielding DNA from oxidative stress damage caused by UV irradiation by maintaining a positive charge. Additionally, 4-Amino-TEMPO serves as a highly selective oxidation catalyst and is extensively used in the development of various specialty chemicals, including fragrances and pesticides.

Chlorophyll b is an orally active tetrapyrrole derivative and pigment that can be obtained from photosynthetic organisms such as plants and algae. It acts as a hydrogen donor and enhances glutathione levels. Chlorophyll b possesses antioxidant activity and functionally replaces chlorophyll a in photosystem II to participate in photosynthesis. It reduces DNA damage, chromosome instability, and oxidative stress induced by Cisplatin (HY-17394). Chlorophyll b is primarily used in research on plant photosynthesis mechanisms.