macrocyclic

Oenothein B is a specific inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Oenothein B shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-HCV, and antitumor properties.

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Crotalaria plants. It inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-2, with IC50 values of 36.8 µM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline exhibits antitumor activity and shows certain cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells such as HepG2. It is also commonly used to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension models in rodents.

Spinosad is a naturally-occurring insecticide found in the the soil bacterium S. spinosa. It is a mixture of the macrocyclic lactones spinosyn A and spinosyn D, which act as agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs).

ω-Pentadecalactone (Exaltolide) is the fragrance structural group macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives used as a fragrance ingredient.

Virginiamycin M1 (Pristinamycin IIA) is a macrocyclic lactone peptide antibiotic and is a member of the streptogramin A group of antibiotics.

Hygrolidin is a macrocyclic lactone originally isolated from S. hygroscopicus. It inhibits proliferation of a variety of cancer cell lines, including DLD-1 colon cancer, LNCaP prostate cancer, and K562 leukemia cells (IC50s = 2.9, 5.2, and 33 ng ml, respectively). Hygrolidin induces the expression and levels of p21 in DLD-1 cells, but not WI-38 fibroblasts, and leads to cell accumulation in the G1 and S phases without inducing apoptosis. It has antiparasitic activity against T. cruzi, L. donovani, and T. b. brucei but also induces cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (IC50s = 1.1, 72.5, 77, and 24.5 nM, respectively).

Ellipyrone A, a γ-pyrone-based macrocyclic polyketide, demonstrates inhibitory activity against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (IC 50 = 0.35 mM). Additionally, this compound exhibits anti-glycolytic effects on α-glucosidase (IC 50 = 0.74 mM) and α-amylase (IC 50 = 0.59 mM) [1].

Ellipyrone B, a γ-pyrone-based macrocyclic polyketide with antihyperglycemic properties, demonstrates inhibitory activity against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (IC 50 =0.48 mM) [1].

Malacidin B, a macrocyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, demonstrates calcium-dependent antibacterial activity [1] [2].

Spinosad (Standard) is the standard substance of Spinosad, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Spinosad is a naturally-occurring insecticide found in the the soil bacterium S. spinosa. It is a mixture of the macrocyclic lactones spinosyn A and spinosyn D, which act as agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs).

Sanglifehrin A is an immunosuppressive macrocyclic natural product. It enhances the complex formation between cyclophilin A and inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2).

Roridin J is a macrocyclic trichothecene that exhibits antileukemic properties in mice.

De-N-methylpamamycin-593A is a 16-membered macrocyclic dilactone known for its ability to induce aerial mycelium formation.

De-N-methylpamamycin-593B is a 16-membered macrocyclic dilactone with the ability to induce aerial hyphae.

Milbemycin α10 is a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic that exhibits insecticidal properties against agricultural pests, aphids, and larvae.

Milbemycin A4, a distinguished member of the macrocyclic lactones family featuring a unique spiroketal group, is derived from the fermentation of the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus. It acts by enhancing the opening of glutamate and GABA-gated chloride channels, rendering it effective as both a nematocide and insecticide.

Epieuphoscopin B (compound 3), a cytotoxic macrocyclic diterpene, is extracted from Euphorbia helioscopia L [1].

Euphoscopin B (compound 5), a macrocyclic diterpene with cytotoxic properties, has been isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia L [1].

Dihydropyropenophorin (compound 6) is a macrocyclic lactone that can be isolated from Pinus strobus (Eastern White Pine).

Malolactomycin C (compound 1) is a macrocyclic lactone antifungal antibiotic isolated from the Streptomyces strain KP-3144. It effectively inhibits Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), thereby controlling various plant diseases, including gray mold infections.