insulinotropic

Mitiglinide calcium hydrate (S-21403 calcium hydrate) is a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Mitiglinide is thought to stimulate insulin secretion by closing the ATP-sensitive K(+) K(ATP) channels in pancreatic beta-cells. Mitiglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs and is currently co-marketed in Japan by Kissei and Takeda.

Mitiglinide Calcium (KAD-1229) is a blood glucose-lowering drugs, stimulating insulin secretion by closing the ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta-cells.

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (1-42) (porcine) TFA is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide released by intestinal K-cells. It stimulates insulin secretion while inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal motility, thereby regulating digestive function.

Gastric inhibitory peptide 1 (GIP-1) (3-42), a fragment of the incretin hormone GIP and antagonist to the GIP receptor, is generated through the action of serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4). When administered at 25 nmol/kg to an ob/ob mouse diabetes model, GIP-1 (3-42) elevates plasma glucose levels and lowers plasma insulin levels, demonstrating its effect on reducing insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic cells at a concentration of 100 nM.

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (22-51), a pro-atherogenic peptide comprised of 30 amino acids from the residues 22-51 of its precursor protein proGIP, is present in human plasma. It activates the degradation of IκB-α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in both macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and human aortic endothelial cells at a concentration of 1 µM. Additionally, in ApoE-/- mice, GIP (22-51) escalates the area of atherosclerotic lesions and plaque development in vivo.

GIP (22-51) human (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (22-51) human) is a potent pro-atherosclerotic peptide hormone composed of 30 amino acids. It activates the NF-κB signaling pathway, enhances the expression of MMP-8, and induces the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic proteins. Additionally, it increases intracellular free Ca2+ levels in THP-1 induced macrophages. GIP (22-51) human is useful for atherosclerosis research.

Retatrutide is a triple receptor agonist targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon receptor (GCGR), with FDA approval for the indication of obesity.Retatrutide may be used in studies of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Acetate (2023788-19-2 free base) is a new molecule that can control blood glucose levels by combining dual agonism of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors.[3]

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is a potential insulinotropic (anti-diabetic) and anti-obesity amino acid that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, activates insulin receptor substrate-associated phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase activity, and reduces plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol.

Gosogliptin hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of Gosogliptin. Gosogliptin (PF-00734200) is a potent, orally active selective competitive inhibitor of DPP-IV, which is primarily responsible for degrading the incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Gosogliptin rapidly and reversibly inhibits plasma DPP-4 activity, stimulates insulin secretion, and improves glucose tolerance.

Mitiglinide (KAD-1229) is an insulinotropic agent that is an ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channel antagonist. Mitiglinide is highly specific to the Kir6.2/SUR1 complex (the pancreatic beta-cell K ATP channel). Mitiglinide is able to be used for the research of type 2 diabetes [1] [2].

This GIP fragment has potent insulinotropic activity in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas but greatly reduced somatostatinotropic activity in the isolated perfused rat stomach. The site responsible for insulinotropic activity apparently lies between residues 19 and 30 of GIP.

GIP (1-30) amide, porcine acetate is an agonist of fully glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor. GIP (1-30) amide, porcine acetate can weakly inhibit gastric acid secretion and strongly stimulate insulin.

GIP (3-42), human acetate is an antagonist of a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and regulates insulin secretion and GIP metabolism in vivo.

GIP (1-30) amide, porcine TFA is a high-affinity full agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor, with potency comparable to native GIP(1-42) [1]. It also exhibits potent insulin-stimulating properties and weakly inhibits gastric acid secretion.

Compound 5a, also known as DPP-4 inhibitor 3, is a powerful dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.75 nM. It exhibits outstanding antioxidant and insulinotropic activity [1].

4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-Hydroxy-L-isoleucine) has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It displays an insulinotropic activity.

Tirzepatide TFA (LY3298176 TFA), a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is under development for type 2 diabetes treatment [1].

GIP (1-30) amide, human acetate is a fragment of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), an incretin hormone that plays a crucial role in stimulating insulin secretion and mitigating postprandial glycemic excursions. This compound has been shown to enhance insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner across concentrations of 10^-9 to 10^-6 M [1].

Retatrutide (LY3437943) TFA is a triple agonist peptide targeting the glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), with inhibitory activity and EC50 values of 5.79 nM for GCGR, 0.0643 nM for GIPR, and 0.775 nM for GLP-1R, holding potential for obesity research applications [1].

[Tyr0] Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (23-42), human, is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) that modestly inhibits gastric acid secretion while enhancing insulin secretion, making it relevant for research on diabetes and obesity [1] [2].

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (porcine), also known as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid intestinal hormone that influences fat and glucose metabolism [1].

Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human), a fatty acid-derivatized analog of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic characteristics. This compound is utilized in diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity research [1] [2] [3].

(Ser8)-GLP-1 (7-36) amide, human, is a glucagon-like peptide-1 amide derived from glucagonogen, a cleavage product of the GLP-1 (1-36) amide peptide. This entero-insulinotropic hormone promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and affects gastrointestinal motility and secretion [1].