glucose metabolism

PQ-10 (A-844337) is a PDE-10 inhibitor. PQ-10 induces brain glucose metabolism patterns, which may be a potential translational biomarker.

2,2,14,14-Tetramethyl-8-oxopentadecanedioic acid (compound example II-9) is a ketone used in the research of cardiovascular diseases, dysproteinemias, dyslipidemias, and glucose metabolism disorders.

BAY-876 is an orally active, selective inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1, IC50= 2 nM), exhibiting over 130-fold greater selectivity for GLUT1 than GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4. It also inhibits glycolytic metabolism and ovarian cancer growth.

Imeglimin hydrochloride (EMD 387008 hydrochloride) is an oral hypoglycemic agent. Imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species, increases mitochondrial DNA, and improves mitochondrial function.

Darglitazone (CP-86325) is a potent, selective agonist of PPAR-γ with antidiabetic actions. Darglitazone is effective in controlling blood glucose and lipid metabolism.

Danthron (Antrapurol) is a natural product, regulates glucose, and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (Vastarel F) can improve myocardial glucose utilization by inhibiting fatty acid metabolism. Trimetazidine is the first cytoprotective anti-ischemic agent, also used as a vasodilator in ischemic heart disease or angina.

(rac)-Isoleucine is a racemic mixture of Isoleucine diastereomers (L-isoleucine, L-alloisoleucine, D-isoleucine, D-alloisoleucine). L-Isoleucine, a branched-chain amino acid, functions in nitrogen donation, glucose/fatty acid metabolism, and immune regulation. L-Alloisoleucine derives from L-Isoleucine transamination.

Xanthinol Nicotinate (Complamin) is a potent vasodilator that can easily enter the cell and causes an increase in glucose metabolism resulting in an increased energy.

Glabridin (KB-289522) may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in diabetes-related vascular dysfunction, through regulating the synthesis and activity of iNOS under high-glucose levels; may possess a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders( such as diabetes and hyperglycemia), by modulating glucose metabolism through AMPK in skeletal muscle cells. Glabridin may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against liver Y metastasis, by inhibiting the invasion of human HCC cells.

Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-Glucose sodium salt) is an endogenous nucleotide sugar involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. It is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor (EC50 = 0.35 μM) and can also bind to and activate GPR17, inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation at a maximal concentration of 100 μM.

Butanoic acid is an endogenous human metabolite, an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The IC50 of HDAC3, HDAC4 and HDAC1 were 2.4 mM, 4.5 mM and 5.3 mM, respectively. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid has the effects of energy metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of insulin resistance.

Bacterial α-Amylase is an enzyme produced by bacteria that catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of starch into smaller sugar molecules such as maltose and glucose, and can be used to study starch metabolism and enzymatic mechanisms.

GLP-1(32-36)amide acetate is a pentapeptide and derived from the C terminus of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1. GLP-1(32-36)amide acetate could inhibit weight gain and modulate whole body glucose metabolism in diabetic mice.

Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a tetrapyrrole that is a metabolic precursor of heme, cytochrome c, and chlorophyll. Protoporphyrin IX has been shown to improve liver function, promote cellular tissue respiration, improve protein and glucose metabolism, and resist complement binding.

AICAR phosphate (Acadesine phosphate) is an AMPK activator and inhibitor of autophagy, YAP, and mitophagy. It serves as an adenosine analog, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS.

AS1949490 activated glucose metabolism via up-regulation of GLUT1 gene in L6 myotubes[1][2]. AS1949490 is a potent and selective SHIP-2 (SH2 domain-containing inositol 5′ phosphatase 2) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 620 nM.

Fructosyl-lysine is the precursor to glucosepane. Fructosyl-lysine is a lysine–arginine protein cross-link that can be an indicator in diabetes detection. Fructosyl-lysine is an amadori glycation product from the reaction of glucose and lysine by the Maillard reaction.

D-Glucose-13C6 (Dextrose-13C6) is an isotopic marker of D-Glucose, which can be used as a metabolic tracer for the study of metabolism-related diseases and metabolic processes of some substances in the body.

Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) is a pyrimidine nucleotide sugar, serving as a precursor for oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids containing glucose. It is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and participates in numerous enzymatic reactions, acting as a P2Y14 agonist.

ZLY06 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) δ and γ with oral activity (PPAR δ: EC50=341 nM; PPARγ: EC50=237 nM). It mediates the upregulation of CD36 and induces hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1. Moreover, ZLY06 significantly improves glucose and lipid metabolism without increasing body weight, primarily by enhancing the β-oxidation of fatty acids and reducing hepatic lipid synthesis, thereby alleviating fatty liver disease.

EB1002 is a selective NK2R agonist that has demonstrated significant enhancements in the expression levels of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis (such as PGC-1α) in obese mice. This suggests that EB1002 promotes energy expenditure by enhancing mitochondrial activity. Additionally, EB1002 has improved insulin sensitivity and glucose-lipid metabolism in mice. Therefore, EB1002 holds potential for research into obesity and type 2 diabetes.

PPARγ agonist15 (Compound 7c) functions as an agonist of PPARγ, inhibiting the expression of α-amylase (HPA) and α-glucosidase (HLAG) with IC50 values of 28.35 µM and 26.21 µM, respectively. It enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and improves glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism in a rat model of Streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

8-Hydroxychlorpromazine is a metabolite of Chlorpromazine that can enhance the hyperglycemic response following glucose loading, suggesting a possible synergistic role in Chlorpromazine-induced glucose metabolism disorders. It holds potential for research into metabolic diseases.