dietary

Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities.

Nicotinamide riboside chloride, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

L-SelenoMethionine (L-(+)-Selenomethionine) is a naturally occurring amino acid. It promotes cell cycle progression and elevates the expression of the antioxidant enzymes thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (Ademetionine) is an intermediate metabolite of methionine,for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and major depressive disorder.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

α-Lipoic Acid (DL-α-Lipoic acid) an octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is a natural product. Glucosamine is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine has pharmacological effects on cartilage and chondrocytes in osteoarthritis when used externally. Glucosamine regulates sugar metabolism. Glucosamine reduces the activity of glucoskinase in pancreatic islet homogenate.

Nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 derivative, is an inhibitor of SIRT1 (IC50=50-180 μM) and SIRT2 (IC50=2 μM). Nicotinamide can be used as a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+, which can be supplemented by dietary intake and can prevent or treat melanoglossia and pellagra.

Vincamine (Perval) is a major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid and a methylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate, serving as the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) is a naturally occurring amino acid and dietary supplement that serves as a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It can be used as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid, and acts as an antagonist to reserpine. L-5-HTP is widely used in research on myoclonus, fibromyalgia, migraine, and cerebellar ataxia, and is also commonly used to induce epilepsy models.

p-Coumaric Acid Ethyl Ester (Ethyl (E)-p-hydroxycinnamate) is the ethyl ester of p-Coumaric acid. p-Coumaric Acid is a common dietary polyphenol and also a potent immunosuppressive agent in treating autoimmune inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Trilaurin (Glyceryl tridodecanoate) is a triacylglycerol found in dietary fats. Trilaurin can be used in cosmetic products as a thickening agent.

Malic acid disodium hydrate is commonly used as a food additive, buffering agent and nutritional supplement with the ability to enhance food flavor, improve texture and regulate acidity. Hydroxybutanedioic acid disodium hydrate can also be used as a dietary supplement to help increase energy production, reduce fatigue and enhance athletic performance.

Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione) is a steroid hormone isolated from the adrenal cortex.

Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of joint discomfort.

Phloracetophenone (1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone) has antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects, may be partly mediated by delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity.

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6 phosphate) is the active form of vitamin B6 and a coenzyme for many pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. PLP is involved in numerous enzymatic transamination, decarboxylation and deamination reactions; it is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and amino acid metabolites, and for the synthesis and or catabolism of certain neurotransmitters, including the conversion of glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and levodopa into dopamine. PLP can be used as a dietary supplement in cases of vitamin B6 deficiency. Reduced levels of PLP in the brain can cause neurological dysfunction.

Glycocyamine (2-Guanidinoacetic acid), a precursor of creatine, is a replacement of dietary arginine and could support overall energy homeostasis of the bird. Glycocyamine is an important marker for renal failure, kidney transplantation, and the renal metabolic activity. The compound is a metabolite of guanidine.

N-acetyl-L-methionine is nutritionally and metabolically equivalent to L-methionine. Methionine is a dietary indispensable amino acid required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMANO dihydrate) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-β Smad2 signaling pathway. TMANO dihydrate can be used to establish models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate tosylate is a methyl donor with oral activity. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate tosylate is a dietary supplement with effective antidepressant and pain-relieving effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate tosylate also has anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects in cancer. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine can be used in the research of liver diseases and osteoarthritis.

γ-Hexalactone (γ-caprolactone) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, Gamma-caprolactone is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Gamma-Caprolactone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Gamma-Caprolactone exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, Gamma-caprolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as potato, cereals and cereal products, pomes, alcoholic beverages, and fruits. This could make Gamma-caprolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone is occasionally found as a volatile component of human urine. In some cases differences up to an order of magnitude are observed. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone has been found in the polar fraction of human blood. Biological fluids such as blood and urine have been shown to contain a large number of components, some of them volatiles (low boiling point) apparently present in all individuals, while others such are much more variable. Although some of these changes may have dietary origins, others seem to be characteristic of the individual.

Dimethyl sulfone exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. It derives from dietary sources, from intestinal bacterial metabolism and from human endogenous methanethiol metabolism. Dimethyl sulfone is a metabolite occurring in plasma and CSF of normal human.