Cancer research

MKT-077 (FJ-776) is a cationic rhodacyanine dye that demonstrates antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines (EC50s: 1.4-2.2 μM in vitro) through its ability to inhibit members of the Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones.

Methylene Blue trihydrate (Basic blue 9) is a compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene Blue trihydrate is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits soluble guanylyl cyclase and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. It also inhibits tau filament formation (IC50: 1.9μM).

Indigo carmine (NSC-8646) is an indolesulfonic acid. It is used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates.

Naphthofluorescein (Naphthafluorescein) is a Mint3 inhibitor with potential antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibits the interaction between HIF-1 and Mint3, inhibits Mint3-dependent HIF-1 activity, and inhibits glycolytic activity in cancer cells and macrophages without showing significant in vitro cytotoxicity or in vivo side effects. Naphthofluorescein is also a fluorescent pH-sensitive probe for functional Cherenkov imaging.

MHI-148 is a tumor-targeting near-infrared heptamethylenecarbocyanine dye for the detection, diagnosis, and study of cancer.MHI-148 is taken up and accumulates in the lysosomes and mitochondria of tumor cells but is not taken up in the lysosomes and mitochondria of normal cells.MHI-148 is a tumor-targeting near-infrared heptamethylenecarbocyanine dye for the detection and diagnosis of cancer.

IR 783 is a heptamethine cyanine fluorescent probe for in vivo imaging of tumor cells. It displays excitation/emission maxima of 776/798 nm, respectively.

Isosulfan blue is a blue dye utilized for identifying lymph vessels during lymphangiography and sentinel lymph node biopsies in breast cancer. However, Isosulfan blue may cause allergic reactions during breast cancer operations [1] [2].

1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SAPE) is a natural phospholipid found in mitochondrial inner membranes, involved in lipid signaling.

Pegulicianine acetate (LUM015) serves as a potent fluorescent imaging agent for detecting cancer tissue.

S0456, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye, binds to the folate receptor (FR) and is utilized in the synthesis of Pafolacianine. It serves as a tumor-specific optical imaging agent with an excitation wavelength of 788 nM and an emission wavelength of 800 nM [1].

RTSPSSR is a synthesized peptide that specifically binds to claudin-1 and visualizes CRC tumors in mice through near-infrared fluorescence imaging [1].

Fluoromisonidazole, a Radiation-Sensitizing Agent, can be used for imaging tumor hypoxia: imaging the microenvironment for personalized cancer therapy.

HMRG is a hydroxymethyl rhodamine green fluorescent scaffold featuring an open non-spirocyclic structure. At physiological pH, HMRG undergoes a one-step enzymatic reaction resulting in significant dynamic fluorescence changes, making it suitable for developing various probes. Fluorescent probes based on HMRG can be utilized for detecting diseases such as cancer and diabetic nephropathy.

BIBD-300 is a high-affinity PARP-1 imaging agent capable of accurately localizing C6 and U87MG tumors, making it suitable for research in diagnosing breast cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, and liver cancer [1].

HPI is an HS-fluorescent probe (Ex Em=280 410 nm) that can be utilized to detect the HS- form of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas in environmental water samples [1].

PNE-Lyso is an activatable fluorescent probe capable of detecting intracellular pH and hexosaminidases via dual fluorescence signals. It distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis by visualizing lysosomal morphology and facilitates the investigation of agent-induced cell death processes [1].

Naphthol AS-TR Phosphate disodium, a water-soluble dye, serves as an enzymatic substrate in biochemical assays to measure alkaline phosphatase activity. Its unique chemical properties enable hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase, resulting in a colored product detectable spectrophotometrically. This characteristic renders it valuable for assessing enzyme activity in biological samples, including serum and urine.

Imatinib Acid is usually used as a fluorescent probe or labeled chemical.

HS-131, a near-infrared dye-conjugated Hsp90 inhibitor, effectively identifies oncogene-driven breast cancers across various molecular subtypes.

LDN-211904 acts as an inhibitor of the EphB3 receptor tyrosine kinase. It increases the inhibition of EphB3 kinase by preserving the 2-chloroaniline group and adding either a phenyl or a small electron donor substituent to the 5 position of pyrazole and [1,5-a] pyridine. LDN-211904 serves as a molecular probe for investigating the function and signaling pathways of EphB3 receptors, particularly within the nervous system throughout neurodevelopment and adulthood.

LE 28 is a selective, activity-dependent probe for legumain that fluoresces exclusively upon binding to the active enzyme. It is applicable in research on cancers and inflammatory diseases [1].

Pafolacianine (OTL 38) is a near-infrared dye-based fluorescent marker used to identify ovarian cancer lesions during surgeries.

Photoacoustic contrast agent-1 perchlorate (Compound F-1) serves as a photo/sono-sensitizer that effectively induces cell mortality under illuminated conditions. This compound is applied in the field of tumor diagnostics and treatment research. Additionally, it acts as a multifunctional dye, which is crucial in various biological experiments. These dyes facilitate the observation and analysis of cell structures, tracking of biomolecules, evaluation of cell functions, differentiation of cell types, detection of biomolecules, investigation of tissue pathology, and monitoring of microorganisms. Their uses extend beyond basic scientific research to include a broad spectrum of clinical diagnostics. Moreover, dyes play a significant role in conventional areas like textile dyeing and in newer sectors such as functional textile processing, food pigments, and dye-sensitized solar cells.

SW116 free base is a selective fluorescent ligand for the sigma-2 receptor (sigma-2 receptor), with a Ki of 14 nM. It exhibits a maximum excitation wavelength of 333 nM and a maximum emission wavelength of 506 nM in methanol. SW116 free base can internalize into MDA-MB-435 cells, reaching 50% of its maximum fluorescence intensity within 24 minutes. This compound serves as a fluorescent probe in cancer research.