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Avicularin (Fenicularin) has anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-tumor and other activities. It ameliorates human hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating the activities of NF-κB(p65), COX-2, and PPAR-γ. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, it exerts anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway.

Pseudocoptisine chloride (Isocoptisine chloride) is isolated from Corydalis Tuber with anti-inflammatory and anti-amnestic properties. Pseudocoptisine chloride inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (IC50 = 12.8 μM).

Dactylorhin A, a succinate derivative ester isolated from the rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea, exhibits a moderate inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Kaempferol-3-beta-O-glucuronide) exhibits antioxidant activity. Flavonoid glucuronides can be deconjugated by microsomal α²-glucuronidase from various human cells.

Rutaevin shows the inhibitory activity on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, it may be as a valuable anti-inflammatory agent.

Madecassic acid (L-fucopyranose) is extracted from the whole herb of Centella asiatica.

Indolelactic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures.

Tormentic acid is a natural product. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic , anti-allodynic, and hepatoprotective properties,

7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin (5-Hydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavone) exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, along with moderate antitrypanosomal activity, having an MIC value of 19.0 µg/mL.

Amakusamine is an indole alkaloid from the sponge of Psammocinia sp. It inhibits RANKL-induced isolation of multinucleated osteoclasts and inhibits RANKL-induced multinucleated osteoclasts.

Nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 derivative, is an inhibitor of SIRT1 (IC50=50-180 μM) and SIRT2 (IC50=2 μM). Nicotinamide can be used as a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+, which can be supplemented by dietary intake and can prevent or treat melanoglossia and pellagra.

Retinol (Alphalin) and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

Uridine (Uridin) is a nucleoside compound, one of the four bases that make up RNA, that replaces thymine in DNA during transcription and pairs with adenine.

Hesperetin belongs to the flavanone class of flavonoids. Hesperetin, in the form of its glycoside hesperidin, is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges.

Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.

1. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) possess anti-anxiety, and neuroprotective qualities. 2. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) reatment can induce a sustained activation of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPKs, it also can potentiate the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of bortezomib in U266 cells. 3. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) has anti-inflammatory activity in activated macrophages, raising the possibility that this compound has a therapeutic potential for inflammatory conditions. 4. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) is an uncompetitive inhibitor of murine tyrosinase (K(I) 0.28mm), it strongly inhibits both melanogenesis and cellular tyrosinase activity in vitro in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin-stimulated B16 mouse melanoma cells or in vivo in zebrafish and mouse models.

Lapachol (CI75490) has antimicrobial properties against many pathogens. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibiotic properties. It is an inhibitor of epithelial tumors in Drosophila melanogaster heterozygote.

3-O-Acetyl-16α-hydroxydehydrotrametenolic acid (3-O-Acetyl-16 alpha-hydroxydehydrotrametenolic acid) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells.

Kukoamine B mesylate is a novel cationic alkaloid derived from dermatophytes with antioxidant activity, inhibits LPS internalization in Kupffer and RAW 264.7 cells, and can be used to study acute inflammation and diabetes.

Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of three fused benzene rings that presents as a colorless, solid, crystalline substance derived primarily from coal tar, known for its characteristic blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light and its extensive use as a fundamental raw material for producing anthraquinone dyes, synthetic fibers, and various other organic compounds. While Anthracene serves as a component in some wood preservatives and asphalt products, Anthracene is also a recognized environmental pollutant and is classified as a potential occupational carcinogen by some regulatory bodies.

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is present in asparagus, wheat bread, crispbread, Swiss cheeses, black or green tea, soya, malt, raw shrimp and squid. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is used as flavor additive and odorant in foods.

Melamine (Cyanurotriamide) is a widely-used intermediate, mainly employed as a raw material for producing melamine resin. It is also a metabolite of cyromazine formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine.

Propyl heptanoate is an important chemical raw material and an organic solvent in the industrial field. It can be used in synthetic fragrances, nylon fibers and advanced plastics.

1. 4-Methoxybenzoic acid could be used as raw material in cosmetic and dermatologic products and/or aroma components in foodstuffs, it has antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities.