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Madecassic acid (L-fucopyranose) is extracted from the whole herb of Centella asiatica.

Indolelactic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures.

Kukoamine B mesylate is a novel cationic alkaloid derived from dermatophytes with antioxidant activity, inhibits LPS internalization in Kupffer and RAW 264.7 cells, and can be used to study acute inflammation and diabetes.

Hesperetin belongs to the flavanone class of flavonoids. Hesperetin, in the form of its glycoside hesperidin, is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges.

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is present in asparagus, wheat bread, crispbread, Swiss cheeses, black or green tea, soya, malt, raw shrimp and squid. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is used as flavor additive and odorant in foods.

Melamine (Cyanurotriamide) is a widely-used intermediate, mainly employed as a raw material for producing melamine resin. It is also a metabolite of cyromazine formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine.

Propyl heptanoate is an important chemical raw material and an organic solvent in the industrial field. It can be used in synthetic fragrances, nylon fibers and advanced plastics.

1. 4-Methoxybenzoic acid could be used as raw material in cosmetic and dermatologic products and or aroma components in foodstuffs, it has antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

Heptyl acetate is a colorless, slightly floral smelling liquid used in daily and food flavors and as a raw material for organic synthesis.

Retinol (Alphalin) and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

Cimifugin (Cimitin) inhibits NO production induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging activity in cell-free bioassay system.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

1. Flavokawain B (Flavokavain B) has potent anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly inhibit production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. 2. Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 3. Flavokawain B induces apoptosis, has the potential usefulness of FKB for prevention and treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer in an adjuvant setting. 4. Flavokawain B acts through ROS generation and GADD153 up-regulation to regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family members, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HCT116 cells.

Polygalacin D shows anti- proliferation, anti-inflammary, and hepatoprotective activities, it can inhibit the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein and mRNA without an appreciable cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and can suppress induction by LPS of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Kauran-16,17-diol, a natural diterpenoid product, exhibits anti-tumoral and apoptosis-inducing activities by inhibiting NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 17 μM.

Anhydronotoptol (4-{[(2E,5E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,5,7-trien-1-yl]oxy}-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one), a natural compound extracted from the umbelliferae plant Qiangwu, is a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide production, inhibiting LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 36.6 μM.

Diformylphloroglucinol (2,4,6-Trihydroxyisophthalaldehyde) is an acyl resorcinol isolated from the leaves of the Eucalyptus nigra tree and is a raw material for the synthesis of resorcinol compounds with antioxidant and antiulcer activity.

2',3',4'-Trimethoxyacetophenone is a raw material for the preparation of chalcone compounds with anti-inflammatory activity.

Ergolide, a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the dried flowers of Inula Britannica, effectively hinders the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages by deactivating NF-κB.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate is used as a plasticizer in preparing ion-selective electrodes. It is an important raw material and intermediate used in organic synthesis, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and dyestuff fields.

Epibetulinic acid has anti-inflammatory activity, it exhibits potent inhibitory effects on NO and prostaglandin E(2) production in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with bacterial endotoxin.

Preterramide C is a fungal metabolite that has been found inA. terreus.1It is active againstS. aureus(MIC = 52.4 μM) but notE. aerogenes,P. aeruginosa, orC. albicans(MICs = >100 μM for all).2Preterramide C inhibits the growth of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells with an IC50value of 0.1 μg/ml.3It also inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells (IC50= 5.48 μM).

Collinin is a coumarin that has been found in Z. schinifolium and has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It is active against drug-susceptible and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis (MIC50s = 3.13-6.25 μg/ml).1 Collinin inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production (IC50 = 5.9 μM) and reduces COX-2 protein levels in RAW 264.7 cells.2 It completely inhibits aggregation of isolated rabbit platelets induced by arachidonic acid , collagen, or platelet activating factor (PAF) when used at a concentration of 100 μM.3 Dietary administration of collinin (0.05% w/w) reduces the number of mice with tumors and the number of tumors per mouse in a mouse model of colitis-related carcinogenesis.4 |1. Kim, S., Seo, H., Al Mahmud, H., et al. In vitro activity of collinin isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium against multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phytomedicine 46, 104-110 (2018).|2. Nguyen, P.-H., Zhao, B.T., Kim, O., et al. Anti-inflammatory terpenylated coumarins from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. J. Nat. Med. 70(2), 276-281 (2016).|3. I.S., C., Lin, Y.C., Tsai, I.L., et al. Coumarins and anti-platelet aggregation constituents from Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Phytochemistry 39(5), 1091-1097 (1995).|4. Kohno, H., Suzuki, R., Curini, M., et al. Dietary administration with prenyloxycoumarins, auraptene and collinin, inhibits colitis-related colon carcinogenesis in mice. Int. J. Cancer 118(12), 2936-2942 (2006).

2,4,6-Trichlorol-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside is a chlorophenyl glycoside commonly found in the bulbs of [Lilium brownie var. viridulum], exhibiting weak inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated [RAW 264.7] cells.