protein car

Oxidative stress occurs when the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses is insufficient to cope with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can cause damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins. Protein oxidation leads to the formation of stable carbonyl groups. Protein carbonyls are early markers of oxidative modification of proteins and can be used as a method to detect oxidative damage. The level of protein carbonyls reflects the extent of protein oxidative damage and is a major indicator used to evaluate protein oxidation injury.