peroxynitrite

Uric acid is an important antioxidant that scavenges oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species (such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite), inhibits lipid peroxidation, helps maintain stable blood pressure, and is the final product of purine metabolism. It is commonly used to induce hypertension models.

GKT136901 (AK120765) is an inhibitor of NOX1/4.It acts as Selective and Direct Scavenger of Peroxynitrite

MEG hemisulfate (Mercaptoethylguanidine hemisulfate) acts as a highly potent and selective suppressor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), demonstrating EC50 values of 11.5 μM for iNOS, 110 μM for ecNOS, and 60 μM for bNOS in tissue homogenates. It is notably effective as a peroxynitrite scavenger and blocks peroxynitrite-triggered oxidative mechanisms. Furthermore, this compound offers protective benefits across various experimental inflammation prototypes, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, hemorrhagic shock, periodontitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and both endotoxic and septic shock.

Phloretin (NSC-407292) is a well-known inhibitor of eukaryotic urea transporters, blocks VacA-mediated urea and ion transport. Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols. It can be found in apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricot. It promotes potent antioxidative activities in peroxynitrite scavenging and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. It has been found to inhibit the growth of several cancer cells and induce apoptosis of B16 melanoma and HL60 human leukemia cells.

Uric acid sodium is a potent and widely recognized antioxidant with the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals, helping to maintain blood pressure stability and counteract oxidative stress. It effectively eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Additionally, uric acid sodium is closely associated with the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis and the formation of calcium oxalate stones, and it can be used to induce hypertension models.

3-Nitro-L-tyrosine (3-Nitrotyrosine) is the major product from the spontaneous reaction of peroxynitrite with tyrosine. Formation of nitrotyrosine can indicate the formation of peroxynitrite by a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent oxidative damage.

CPH hydrochloride is an effective, cell-permeable radical scavenger designed for the detection of superoxide radicals and peroxynitrite in vitro.

9(10)-Nitrooleate, a mixture of endogenous lipid signaling molecules composed of 9-nitrooleic acid and 10-nitrooleic acid, is synthesized through nitration of oleic acid in the presence of peroxynitrite, nitrous acid, and myeloperoxidase with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrite as auxiliary reagents.

Fe-TMPyP binds to the prion protein PrP and inhibits misfolding. Fe-TMPyP is also a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst.

Mn(III)TMPyP is a manganese-porphyrin which acts as a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. SOD mimetics described to date are unstable and are capable of catalyzing undesired side-reactions in addition to the dismutation of the superoxide radical (O2-). Mn(III)TMPyP is an SOD mimetic with increased stability to pH and hydrogen peroxide. The rate constant for superoxide dismutation and peroxynitrite decomposition are 3.9 x 107 M-1s-1 and ~2 x 106 M-1s-1, respectively. Mn(III)TMPyP protected and enhanced the growth of SOD E. coli with a doubling time of 60 minutes (as compared to 240 minutes of the control) at 25 µM.

FeTPPS, a decomposition catalyst for 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin iron(III) chloride peroxynitrite, exhibits marked neuroprotective effects in experimental spinal cord injury models. It reduces cerebral tissue inflammation and damage, inhibits nitric oxide production and apoptosis, and may be employed in traumatic brain injury (TBI) research.

Nitrated unsaturated fatty acids, such as 10- and 12-nitrolinoleate , cholesteryl nitrolinoleate, and nitrohydroxylinoleate, represent a new class of endogenous lipid-derived signalling molecules. LNO2 isomers serve as potent endogenous ligands for PPARγ and can also decompose or be metabolized to release nitric oxide. 9-Nitrooleate is one of two regioisomers of nitrooleate, the other being 10-nitrooleate (OA-NO2; used for the mixture of isomers), which are formed by nitration of oleic acid in approximately equal proportions in vivo. Peroxynitrite, acidified nitrite, and myeloperoxidase in the presence of H2O2 and nitrite, all mediate the nitration of oleic acid. OA-NO2 is found in human plasma as the free acid and esterified in phospholipids at concentrations of 619 ± 52 nM and 302 ± 369 nM, respectively. OA-NO2 activates PPARγ approximately 7-fold at a concentration of 1 μM and effectively promotes differentiation 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes at 3 μM.

9(E),11(E)-12-nitro Conjugated linoleic acid (9(E),11(E)-12-nitro CLA) is a nitrated fatty acid. It is formed from 9(Z),11(E)-CLA upon exposure to acidified nitrite, peroxynitrite, gaseous nitrogen dioxide, or a combination of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite.1It is also formed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, an effect that can be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME .29(E),11(E)-12-nitro CLA has been found in human plasma. 1.Woodcock, S.R., Salvatore, S.R., Bonacci, G., et al.Biomimetic nitration of conjugated linoleic acid: Formation and characterization of naturally occurring conjugated nitrodienesJ. Org. Chem.79(1)25-33(2014) 2.Bonacci, G., Baker, P.R.S., Salvatore, S.R., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a preferential substrate for fatty acid nitrationJ. Biol. Chem.287(53)44071-44082(2012)

MnTBAP chloride (Mn(III)TBAP) is a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger that reduces the doubling time of SOD-E. coli by a factor of 2. MnTBAP chloride exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through upregulation of BMPR-II and inhibition of NFκB signaling. mnTBAP chloride is a manganese porphyrin complex with antioxidant properties and has potential for use in the study of fibrotic responses in chronic kidney diseases (CKDs).

Coumarin boronic acid (CBA) is a fluorescent probe that can be used to detect peroxynitrite , hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide.It reacts with peroxynitrite at an exponentially faster rate (k = 1.1 μM/s) than hydrogen peroxide (k =1.5 M/s) and moderately faster rate than hypochlorous acid. Peroxynitrite oxidizes CBA into the fluorescent product 7-hydroxycoumarin (COH), which displays excitation/emission maxima of 332/470 nm, respectively.

Coumarin boronic acid pinacolate ester (CBE) is a more soluble form of coumarin boronic acid that can be used to detect peroxynitrite , hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxynitrite oxidizes CBE into the fluorescent product 7-hydroxycoumarin (COH), which displays excitation/emission maxima of 332/470 nm, respectively.

GKT136901 hydrochloride is a NOX-1/4 inhibitor, a selective scavenger of peroxynitrite, which inhibits METH-induced ROS production.

BTNPO is a unimolecular two-photon fluorescent probe that is highly sensitive and selective for detecting peroxynitrite (ONOO^-). It exhibits excellent photostability and cell permeability, making it suitable for biological imaging applications. In the presence of peroxynitrite, BTNPO undergoes a significant fluorescence enhancement, which allows for real-time monitoring of cellular events.

Mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) dihydrobromide is a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and peroxynitrite scavenger with potential for inflammatory bowel diseases research.

Coelenterazine is a superoxide anion-sensitive chemiluminescent probe that can be used to detect the chemiluminescence of peroxynitrite and can serve as a luminescent enzyme substrate for apoaequorin and Renilla luciferase.

6-Methoxypurine-9-β-D-5'(R)-C-methylriboside, an analog of hypoxanthine—a purine base predominantly found in muscle tissue and a metabolite generated when purine oxidase acts on xanthine—displays anti-inflammatory properties and functions as a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Its cytoprotective role is underscored by its ability to inhibit PARP activity, thus preventing peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent superoxide production. Furthermore, hypoxanthine serves as a biomarker for hypoxia [1] [2].

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that alternatively catalyzes the disproportionate decomposition of superoxide anion radicals (O2-) to O2 and H2O2, is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that effectively reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits neutrophil infiltration into sites of tissue damage.

9(E),11(E)-9-nitro Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9E,11E-9-nitro CLA) is a nitrated fatty acid produced from 9Z,11E-CLA through exposure to acidified nitrite, peroxynitrite, gaseous nitrogen dioxide, or the combined action of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite. Additionally, it forms in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, a process that can be inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME. This compound has also been detected in human plasma.

Uric acid-15N2 is the 15N labeled form of uric acid. Uric acid acts as a scavenger of oxygen radicals (oxygen radical) and is a crucial antioxidant, aiding in the stabilization of blood pressure and combating oxidative stress. It eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS) like singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite and inhibits lipid peroxidation.