oligosaccharide

Raffinose (Melitriose) is an indigestible short-chain oligosaccharide, a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose and fructose, found in many plants. It can be hydrolyzed by α-galactosidase (α-GAL) to D-galactose and sucrose.

2'-FUCOSYLLACTOSE (2'-Fucosyl-D-lactose) is a fucose-containing oligosaccharide.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP11/GF10 is a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) compound with a degree of polymerization (DP) equal to 11. FOS consists of 10 fructose units connected by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds, with a single D-glucosyl unit present at the non-reducing end.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP12 GF11 is a member of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) characterized by a degree of polymerization (DP) of 12. FOS compounds consist of 11 fructose units connected by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds, with a lone D-glucosyl unit located at the non-reducing end.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP7/GF6 (Fructoheptasaccharide) belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=7).

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP9/GF8 (Fructo-oligosaccharide DP9 / GF8) belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with the degree of polymerization (DP=9).

GM1a Ganglioside oligosaccharide, a semisynthetic derivative of ganglioside GM1, serves as the natural receptor for cholera toxin and is crucial for both general growth regulation and the coupling of hormone-induced responses [1].

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP14, an oligosaccharide derived from Atractylodes lancea [1], represents a specific polysaccharide subclass with a degree of polymerization of 14.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP13 is an inulin-type fructan that can be isolated from Morinda officinalis [1].

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP10/GF9 is a fructan with a degree of polymerisation (DP) of 10, consisting of one D-glucose (Glucose) unit at the non-reducing end and nine fructose (Fructose) units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP8 GF7 (Fructo-oligosaccharide DP8 GF7) is a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) with a degree of polymerization (DP=8). It consists of seven fructose units connected by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds, featuring a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) is a naturally occurring trisaccharide composed of fructose, galactose, and glucose, found in various vegetables and grains. It functions as a functional oligosaccharide.

β-Gentiobiose is a natural oligosaccharide that promotes fruit ripening.

α-L-fucopyranose, an endogenous metabolite and six-carbon deoxyhexose, is present at the terminal or anterior position of many cell surface oligosaccharide ligands, mediates cell recognition and adhesion signaling pathways, and is a potentially critical molecule in pathological processes, including tumors.

Lacto-N-fucopentaose I is a milk oligosaccharide.

Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide compound with anti-inflammatory properties, achieved by binding to the active sites of TLR4 and thereby inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation, as supported by references [1] and [2].

6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt (6'-N-Acetylneuraminyl-D-lactose sodium salt), an oligosaccharide present in breast milk, is protective against LPS-induced ALI and attenuates LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Diquat dibromide

Chitobiose dihydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide consisting of β-1,4-linked glucosamine units.

Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is an anti-inflammatory chitosan oligosaccharide that functions as a substrate for the gene encoding chitinase B (FjchiB).

Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4 are key components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. As a smooth-type LPS, they consist of lipid A, an R3-type core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide. These LPS molecules exhibit high immunogenicity, can trigger strong immune responses and gastric disorders by activating the TLR-4 receptor on immune cells, and help maintain the structural integrity of the bacterial outer membrane while protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. They are widely used to establish inflammation-related disease models, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Stachyose is an oligosaccharide that inhibits the proliferation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.Stachyose regulates the intestinal microbiota and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis in mice.

Verbascose is an oligosaccharide and non-reducing sugar that can regulate and enhance the immune function of RAW264.7 macrophages, increasing their proliferation activity, phagocytic activity, NO release, and cytokine secretion levels, and also has the potential to regulate intestinal microecological balance.

3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose), a predominant fucosylated oligosaccharide in human breast milk, exhibits prebiotic, immunomodulating, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial functions.