exposure

Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is a fluorescent chromophore isolated from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium, a lipophilic cation and weak photosensitizer with cytotoxicity. A2E promotes apoptosis under blue light exposure and induces autophagy under photoactivation, damaging membrane integrity in a concentration-dependent manner.

5,6-trans-Vitamin D3(5,6-trans-Cholecalciferol) is an isoform of Vitamin D3, which is converted from Vitamin D3 on the skin surface after light exposure.

N-Oleoyl valine is an endogenous N-acyl amine that acts as an antagonist at the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 3 (TRPV3) receptor, which is involved in thermoregulation. N-Oleoyl valine is increased in mice following cold exposure for up to at least 16 days. Acute lung injury in mice increases the concentration of N-Oleoyl valine in lung tissue. N-acyl amines also promote mitochondrial uncoupling.

Potassium iodide is used as the treatment of overactive thyroid and as protection of the thyroid gland from the influences of radiation from swallowed or inhaled radioactive iodine. It may be used after accidental exposure to radioactive iodine or before and after administration of medicine containing radioactive iodine.

Propoxur (Propoxure) is an insecticide used to control cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and lawn and turf insects. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to propoxur by ingestion leads to cholinesterase inhibition of red blood cells, with mild cholinergic symptoms including blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and tachycardia; however, the effects are transient. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure has resulted in depressed cholinesterase levels, headaches, vomiting, and nausea in humans. Chronic ingestion studies in animals have reported depressed cholinesterase levels, depressed body weight, effects to the liver and bladder, and a slight increase in neuropathy. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of propoxur in humans. Mixed results are available from cancer studies of propoxur in animals. EPA has not classified propoxur for carcinogenicity.

Praziquantel (Droncit) increases the permeability of the tegument of susceptible worms, resulting in an influx and increase in intra-tegumental calcium leading to rapid contractions and paralysis of the worm's musculature through a subsequent increase in levels of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Praziquantel is a pyrazinoisoquinoline derivative with anthelminthic property. In addition, vacuolization of the tegumental syncytium and blebbing results in tegument disintegration, leads to antigen exposure and elicit host defense responses to the worm.

Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide local anaesthetic drug belonging to the family of n-alkylsubstituted pipecoloxylidide. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Chirocaine. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 per cent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine.Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when it is administered correctly. Most ADRs relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, however allergic reactions can rarely occur.

1-Hydroxypyrene (1-Pyrenol), a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is analyzed in urine samples.

Ensulizole is a sulfonated ultraviolet absorber that strongly absorbs UVB and some UVA, and under UV or sunlight exposure, it produces reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA.

Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine, characterized by an amino group attached to a phenyl ring. Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis, with its main use being in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane, dyes, and other industrial chemicals; like most volatile amines, it has a distinctive and unpleasant odor of rotten fish, it ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds. Aniline is toxic to humans upon exposure.

4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol is an organic chemical compound that appears as dark yellow to brown crystals or a fused solid at room temperature. 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol is primarily used as a versatile intermediate for complex chemical synthesis.4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol is notably toxic by ingestion or skin contact, and it can cause significant skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation upon exposure.

Hexachloroethane, also known by its systematic name perchloroethane, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and a chlorinated alkane that appears as a white or colorless crystalline solid at room temperature, with a distinctive camphor-like odor. Hexachloroethane has various industrial uses, including in military smoke compositions, metal and alloy production, and as an ingredient in some specialized pesticides and lubricants. Hexachloroethane is also known to be toxic and can cause significant adverse health effects in humans upon exposure.

Fluticasone furoate (Avamys) is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid derived from fluticasone with a Kd of 0.3 nM. Fluticasone furoate has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic activity, and low systemic exposure. Fluticasone furoate can be used as a nasal spray for studies about allergic rhinitis treatment.

1. Raspberry ketone (p-Hydroxybenzyl acetone) is cytotoxic to melanocytes through the binding of RK-derived quinones to thiol proteins and the pro-oxidant activity of the RK-oligomer, the exposure of human skin to RK can cause chemical/occupational leukoderma. 2. Raspberry ketone is marketed on the Internet as a food supplement.

Boscalid is a broad-spectrum carboxamide fungicide that inhibits fungal respiration by binding to the ubiquinone site of mitochondrial complex II/succinate dehydrogenase.1It suppresses mycelial growth ofS. minorby 87 to 100% and ofS. sclerotiorumby 77 to 100% when used at a concentration of 1 μg/ml.2In field studies, boscalid applied at 5.6 μg/cm2provides 55.5 and 30.4% disease control for lettuce drop caused byS. minorandS. sclerotiorum, respectively. It decreases cell viability of mouse primary cortical neurons following long-term exposure but is not cytotoxic (LC50= >100 μM for acute and continuous exposure). Formulations containing boscalid have been used in agriculture to prevent fungal growth on crops. 1.Wang, Y., Duan, Y., Wang, J., et al.A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorumMol. Plant Pathol.16(7)653-661(2015) 2.Matheron, M.E., and Porchas, M.Activity of boscalid, fenhexamid, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and vinclozolin on growth of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum and development of lettuce dropPlant Dis.88(6)665-668(2004)

Dimethyl phthalate (Fermine) has many uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellants. Acute (short-term) exposure to dimethyl phthalate, via inhalation in humans and animals, results in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dimethyl phthalate in humans. Animal studies have reported slight effects on growth and on the kidney from chronic oral exposure to the chemical. EPA has classified dimethyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid) is a metabolite of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE may be obtained through environmental exposure. MTBE is rapidly eliminated from the body, mainly through expired air as the unchanged compound. MTBE is to some extent metabolised to t-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde and oxidised to 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and a-hydroxy isobuturic acid. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been used as an arial bactericide.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Cinnamyl alcohol (Styryl Carbinol) readily autoxidizes upon air exposure, and forms strong sensitizers as determined by the local lymph node assay.

Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt(Sarkosyl NL sodium) is an anionic surfactant and detergent with protein denaturing properties commonly used in molecular biology research for purification of membrane proteins, promotion of cell lysis in RNA purification experiments and membrane solubilization, and toxicity to A549 cells after ALIF or SME exposure.

I2959, widely known as Irgacure 2959, is a photoinitiator extensively used for ultraviolet light-induced photocrosslinking of hydrogels in biomedical applications and is particularly utilized in combination with carboxymethylcellulose (CMA) hydrogels as a bioink for bio 3D printing applications; furthermore, I2959 is recognized for its high radical generation efficiency under UV exposure but also exhibits concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to rapidly dividing cell lines.

Lemuteporfin is a light-activated photosensitizing agent that is rapidly internalized by viable cells, localizing within the cytoplasm and associating with mitochondria. This localization is a key characteristic that confers strong cytotoxic potential upon light activation. Lemuteporfin has demonstrated the ability to reduce sebaceous gland volume in preclinical animal studies. It is currently under investigation in relation to benign prostatic hyperplasia and in topical form for the management of androgenetic alopecia.

AZD0022 is a selective, reversible, and orally active KRAS G12D inhibitor exhibiting high affinity for both active (KRAS G12D-GTP) and inactive (KRAS G12D-GDP) proteins, whilst demonstrating selectivity for wild-type KRAS. AZD0022 exhibits tumour marker inhibition in PDAC and NSCLC models, making it suitable for investigating tumours such as advanced solid tumours, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer.

7-Methyladenine (NSC-7857) can be used as a marker of exposure to exogenous and carcinogenic methylating agents.