covalently

Epoxomicin (BU-4061T,Aids010837) is a selective proteasome inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits primarily the CH-L activity of the 20S proteasome, while T-L and PGPH catalytic activities are also inhibited at 100- and 1000-fold reduced rate.

Myristic acid (Crodacid) , a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, is a rare molecule in cells and is a substrate of some fatty acid desaturases. This compound has the ability to acylate proteins by covalently binding to the N-terminal glycine residues, in a process called N-terminal myristoylation. Myristoylation of substrate proteins by this fatty acid has the potential to activate and mediate many physiological pathways. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids have been reported to be essential for biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and have demonstrated the ability to induce expression of COX-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

Ac-muramic acid (MurNAc) is an essential component of bacterial peptidoglycan, the structural polymer of the cell wall. Ac-muramic acid is covalently linked to N-acetylglucosamine through β-1,4 linkages and may also be connected via the hydroxyl group on carbon-4 to the carbon atom of L-alanine, forming part of the peptide stem. MurNAc is central to bacterial cell wall biosynthesis studies.

Sibiromycin, a glycosylated pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) compound, is a naturally occurring and potent antitumor antibiotic. It exerts its activity by covalently binding to DNA in the minor groove at the NH2 of guanine.

Rachelmycin (CC-1065; NSC 298223) is a potent naturally antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces zelensis . Rachelmycin binds non-covalently and covalently (N-3 adenine adduct) in the minor groove of B-form DNA. Rachelmycin has exceptionally potent antitumor activity.

Myristic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of Myristic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Myristic acid (Crodacid) , a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, is a rare molecule in cells and is a substrate of some fatty acid desaturases. This compound has the ability to acylate proteins by covalently binding to the N-terminal glycine residues, in a process called N-terminal myristoylation. Myristoylation of substrate proteins by this fatty acid has the potential to activate and mediate many physiological pathways. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids have been reported to be essential for biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and have demonstrated the ability to induce expression of COX-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

N-Acetoxy-IQ is a DNA alkylating agent that can covalently bind to DNA, specifically targeting guanine residues. By forming DNA adducts, N-Acetoxy-IQ exerts mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. It is a promising compound for cancer research.

Prothracarcin is an antibiotic with antitumor properties, exerting its cytotoxic effects on tumor cells by covalently bonding to the C-2 amino group of guanine residues in the DNA minor groove. Prothracarcin also exhibits antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Hydroxylysinonorleucine is a covalently bound immature collagen fiber cross-linking molecule. It can be isolated from naturally reduced collagen found in rat tail tendons, corneas, and skin. This compound can assemble into complex structures, providing mechanical stability, strength, and toughness to tissues.

NIR-BG2 is a near-infrared fluorescent probe that targets senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). Upon activation by SA-β-Gal, NIR-BG2 undergoes hydrolysis, releasing an electrophilic methylquinone that covalently binds to surrounding proteins for in situ labeling, enhancing the fluorescence signal 16-fold at 709 nm. NIR-BG2 holds potential for in vivo imaging studies of cellular senescence.

Bisabosqual A is a potent asparagine synthetase (ASNS) inhibitor with an IC 50 of 10.7 μM, capable of covalently modifying the K556 site of the ASNS protein. It induces oxidative stress and apoptosis, while inhibiting autophagy, cell migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby slowing cancer cell development [1].

Illudalic acid, a potent and selective Leukocyte antigen-related (LAR) phosphatase inhibitor, has an IC 50 value of 1.30 µM. It inhibits LAR phosphatase by covalently binding to the catalytic cysteine residue [1] [2].