I/R

Anti-MI R injury agent 1 (compound 18), derived from Panaxatriol, is an orally administered, potent agent against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI R) injury. It improves cell viability in cardiomyocytes subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD R)-induced injury, significantly reduces myocardial infarction size, diminishes levels of circulating cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and mitigates cardiac tissue damage in rat models [1].

Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (Ipratropium bromide hydrate) is a muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.

Luteolinidin chloride is a natural product. It is a potent CD38 inhibitor which can protect the heart against I R injury with preservation of eNOS function and prevention of endothelial dysfunction in vivo.

Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C, and cleaved-caspase-3 levels. Polyphyllin D has an anti-angiogenic effect. Polyphyllin D has toxicity in human RBCs as well as its underlying mechanism for the hemolysis and eryptosis erythroptosis. Polyphyllin D has strong anticancer activity, can overcome drug resistance in R-HepG2 cells and elicit programmed cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction.

Floctafenine (R-4318) is an orally available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound that is a COX-I and COX-2 inhibitor and interferes with the antiplatelet effects of aspirin.Floctafenine has analgesic activity and is used in the study of pain.

(Rac)-Modipafantis an orally available and selective platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) antagonist that inhibits PAF-induced aggregation of washed platelets in rabbits, and can be used to study arthritis and ischemia reperfusion (I R) in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of the rat.

UNC0006 is a beta-inhibitory protein biased D(2)R ligand, and is also an antagonist of G(i)-regulated cAMP production and a partial agonist of D(2)R beta-arrestin-2 interaction. It has antipsychotic activity and is used in the study of neurological disorders.

Notoginsenoside R1 (Sanchinoside R1) has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory properties.

Sinapinic Acid (Synapoic acid) protects the rat liver from CCl4-induced inflammation, most likely by acting as a free radical scavenger and modulator of NF-κB p65 activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Sinapic acid with antioxidant role protects cardiac cells and its functions from I R induced oxidative stress. Sinapic acid is a potentially useful agent for the protection against liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Sinapic acid prevents the alterations in the levels of lipids and lipoproteins by virtue of its anti-lipidaemic effect in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Sinapic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia through PLC-PKC signals to enhance the glucose utilization in diabetic rats.

Ipratropium Bromide (Sch 1000) is a synthetic anticholinergic agent that is used as an inhalant for treatment of acute bronchospasm due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

(R)-MK-0448 is an isomer of MK-0448.MK-0448 is a novel and selective blocker of the Kv1.5 (KCNA5) channel, a key channel involved in cardiac repolarization that is associated with atrial-specific ultra-rapid K+ current I Kur.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

1. Vitexin has antinociceptive and antispasmodic activities. 2. Vitexin exhibits a prominent first-pass effect. 3. Vitexin has antioxidant, antimyeloperoxidase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 4. Vitexin can either inhibit or induce activities of

β-cyano-L-Alanine (Beta-cyano-l-alanine) is a commonly occurring nitrile found in higher plants.

R 59-022 hydrochloride (DKGI-I hydrochloride) is a 5-HT Receptor antagonist that activates protein kinase C (PKC).R 59-022 hydrochloride is a DGK inhibitor (IC50:2.8 µM) that inhibits the phosphorylation of OAG to OAPA.R 59-022 enhances thrombin-induced triglyceride production in platelets and inhibits the production of phosphatidic acid in neutrophils. R 59-022 enhances thrombin-induced diglyceride production in platelets and inhibits phosphatidic acid production in neutrophils.

RSVA405 is an AMPK activator (EC50 = 1 μM), and is STAT3 inhibitor

KU14R is a novel I(3)-R antagonist that selectively inhibits the insulin secretory response to imidazolines.

R-268712 is a specific activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor(IC50 of 2.5 nM). It is also an orally active transforming growth factor-β type I receptor inhibitor.

R 59-022 (DKGI-I) is a diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) inhibitor and a 5-HT Receptor antagonist that blocks filovirus internalization in host cells. R 59-022 activates protein kinase C (PKC), inhibits intestinal smooth muscle contractility, and enhances O2- production induced by 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol.

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous transnitrosation donor involved in S-nitrosation of a variety of cellular proteins. GSNO, an exogenous NO donor and substrate of rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebral angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses.

Keap1-Nrf2-IN-22 (compound 19) acts as a Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor with a KD2 value of 42.2 nM. It is utilized in research focused on acute lung injury (ALI) and cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I R) injuries.

Ferroptosis-IN-12 (Cpd-A1) is an inhibitor of ferroptosis. It effectively suppresses ferroptosis in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells (mTECs) treated with Erastin and improves renal function in dose-dependent manners in mouse models of acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia reperfusion (I R) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). This compound also reduces renal tubular damage and eliminates inflammation. Exhibiting good plasma stability and high distribution in renal tissues during pharmacokinetic studies in mice, Ferroptosis-IN-12 shows promising potential for research in the field of AKI.

1,3-Didocosahexaenoyl glycerol (DG(22:6 0:0 22:6)) is an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that exhibits cardioprotective effects in a rat myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I R) injury model through its interaction with Poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA).

Carubicin is an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinomadura carminata. Carubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.