elevated

GSK1940029 (SCD inhibitor 1) is an inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD).

TRC051384 is a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) inducer that reduces stroke-associated neuronal damage and increases survival in a rat model of transient ischemic stroke, activates heat shock factor-1 and leads to elevated molecular chaperone and anti-inflammatory activity, and enhances Hsp72 expression in neurons and glial cells.

Jagged-1 (188-204) TFA(219127-21-6 free base) is a fragment of the JAG-1 protein. JAG-1 is Notch ligand, a peptide that is the most conspicuously expressed ligand in skin. JAG-1 induces epidermal maturation. Exposing submerged keratinocytes monolayers to JAG-1 with elevated calcium concentration produces stratification with loricrin expression and NF-alphaB activation.

Adenosine receptor A1 antagonist 5 acts as an adenosine antagonist, is an oxypurine, acts as an insecticide and pest control agent, and has an inhibitory effect on elevated blood pressure.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (L-(+)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA in humans, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

Bromfenac sodium hydrate (Bromfenac monosodium salt sesquihydrate) is the sodium salt form of bromfenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Upon ophthalmic administration, bromfenac binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase II (COX II), an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, which are prostaglandin (PG) precursors. By inhibiting PG formation, bromfenac prevents PG-induced inflammation, vasodilation, leukocytosis, disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, increased vascular permeability, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

5α-Cholestan-3-one (Coprostanone) is an intermediate product in cholesterol metabolism, which is elevated in the case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Within the cell, It is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP).

Bempedoic acid (ETC1002) is an orally available, once-daily LDL-C lowering small molecule designed to lower elevated levels of LDL-C and to avoid side effects associated with existing LDL-C lowering therapies. Bempedoic acid(ETC1002) is absorbed rapidly in the small intestine and enters the liver through cell surface receptors different from those transporters that selectively take up statins. Bempedoic acid(ETC1002) is a regulator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

2,6-Dichlorodiphenylamine, an analogue of Diclofenac Sodium, exhibits anti-Candida albicans activity. Diclofenac Sodium, a potent and nonselective COX inhibitor, has IC50 values of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells. [1]. Makoto Urai, et al. Potent Drugs That Attenuate anti-Candida albicans Activity of Fluconazole and Their Possible Mechanisms of Action. J Infect Chemother. 2014 Oct;20(10):612-5.

Suberic acid (1,8-Octanedioic acid) is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders. A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency.

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an enzyme inhibitor.4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is a keto acid that is involved in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. It is a product of the enzyme (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.222) and is formed during tyrosine metabolism. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment. The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) catalyzes the reaction that converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. A deficiency in the catalytic activity of HPD is known to lead to tyrosinemia type III, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood tyrosine and massive excretion of tyrosine derivatives into urine. It has been shown that hawkinsinuria, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the excretion of 'hawkinsin,' may also be a result of HPD deficiency . Moreover, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is also found to be associated in phenylketonuria, which is also an inborn error of metabolism. There are two isomers of HPPA, specifically 4HPPA and 3HPPA, of which 4HPPA is the most common.

Phosphorylethanolamine (O-Phosphorylethanolamine) is a phosphomonoester metabolite of the phospholipid metabolism. Phosphorylethanolamine is a precursor of phospholipid synthesis and a product of phospholipid breakdown. Phosphomonoesters are present at much higher levels in the brain than in other organs. In developing the brain, phosphomonoesters are normally elevated during the period of neuritic proliferation. This also coincides with the occurrence of normal programmed cell death and synaptic pruning in developing the brain. These findings are consistent with the role of phosphomonoesters in membrane biosynthesis. Phosphorylethanolamine shows a strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, and the GABAB receptor partial agonist, 3-amino-propylphosphonic acid. Phosphorylethanolamine is a phosphomonoester which is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain.

3-Chloro-L-Tyrosine (Chlorotyrosine), a specific marker of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation, is markedly elevated in low-density lipoprotein isolated from human atherosclerotic intima. In particular, myeloperoxidase halogenates tyrosine residues in plasma proteins and generates 3-chlorotyrosine (CY). The detection of free chlorotyrosine in blood or urine arises from the degradation of these chlorinated proteins. CY concentrations may be useful for monitoring the activation of neutrophils in asthmatic patients.

N-Acetyl-L-arginine (Ac-Arg-OH), an N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid with a strong basic nature (based on its pKa), has elevated serum levels in hyperargininemic patients and is associated with several diseases, including uremia and colorectal cancer. In untreated hyperargininemic patients, it reaches its highest levels in cerebrospinal fluid. It has also been detected in apples and loquats, suggesting it could be a potential biomarker for consumption of these foods. Additionally, a low-arginine diet combined with sodium benzoate therapy leads to a marked decrease in plasma N-acetyl-L-arginine concentrations.

Bicyclol (SY801)(SY 801) is an anti-hepatitis drug. Oral administration of bicyclol normalizes the elevated serum transaminases (ALT, AST) by 50% in chronic viral hepatitis B and C, and also has a certain level of inhibiting HBV and HCV replication. In combination therapy of bicyclol with interferon alpha, lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil in HBV or HCV, bicyclol may reduce YMDD mutant and side effects and increase the anti-viral efficacy.

Jagged-1 (188-204)is a fragment of the JAG-1 protein. JAG-1 is Notch ligand, a peptide that is the most conspicuously expressed ligand in skin. JAG-1 induces epidermal maturation. Exposing submerged keratinocytes monolayers to JAG-1 with elevated calcium concentration produces stratification with loricrin expression and NF-αB activation.

2-((2,2-Dibenzylhydrazineylidene)methyl)pyridine (2-[(1E)-(dibenzylhydrazin-1-ylidene)methyl]pyridine) is a heterocyclic compound. It inhibits monoamine oxidase, resulting in elevated monoamine levels in the body. It can also inhibit adenosine deaminase, resulting in elevated levels of adenosine in the body. It can also increase the activity of certain neurotransmitters, including serotonin and dopamine.

Carglumic Acid (Ureidoglutaric acid) is an orphan drug used to treat hyperammonemia in patients with N-acetyl glutamate synthase absence. This rare hereditary disease results in elevated blood levels of ammonia, which can eventually cross the blood-brain barrier and lead to neurologic problems, coma, cerebral edema, and death. Carglumic acid was approved by the U.S. FDA on 18 March 2010.

Pyrithione (1-hydroxyl-1H-pyridine-2-thione) is a transition metal complex, a zinc ionophore, that causes elevated zinc levels in mammalian cells. Pyrithione has potent bactericidal and antifungal activity.

Lactacystin is an orally active, irreversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor (IC50 = 4.8 μM) that also inhibits the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin A. It induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, possesses anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and is commonly used in the construction of Parkinson’s disease and dementia models.

KL1333 (NQO1 activator 1) enhances energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in MELAS fibroblasts. Elevated NAD+ levels trigger the activation of SIRT1 and AMPK, and subsequently activates PGC-1α. NQO1 activator 1 is an orally available NAD+ modulator. It reacts with NAD(P)H: NQO1 as a substrate, resulting in increases in intracellular NAD+ levels via NADH oxidation.

8-Dehydrocholesterol is a compound whose elevated concentration is a diagnostic biochemical hallmark of classical Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

1-Methyladenosine-d3 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of deuterium-labeled 1-Methyladenosine. This compound is a modification of RNA that serves as a biomarker for tumors, with elevated levels in the body linked to cancer development. Upon methylation, 1-Methyladenosine upregulates the expression of PPARδ, regulates cholesterol metabolism, and activates the Hedgehog signaling pathway, thereby driving the onset of liver tumors.

Compound 4p (PDE4B D-IN-4) is an effective inhibitor of PDE-4B and PDE-4D, with IC50 values of 5.50 nM and 6.81 nM respectively. Following the administration of PDE4B D-IN-4, intracellular cAMP levels are elevated.