Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acid that serves as a major component of biological membranes and animal phospholipids. It is synthesized from dietary linoleic acid and acts as a precursor to lipid mediators such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Arachidonic acid can improve cognitive responses and cardiovascular function and is commonly used to induce paw edema models.

Dextran (Dextran 40) inhibits platelet aggregation and coagulation factors, can partially replace whole blood during transfusion, and is commonly used as a plasma volume expander; it can also be used in paw edema models.

κ-Carrageenan is a natural polymer predominantly found in red seaweeds that can serve as an effective carrier to deliver curcumin to cancer cells and induce apoptosis. It can also be used to induce paw swelling models and acts as a potential inflammatory agent that amplifies existing intestinal inflammation.

Arachidonic acid sodium salt is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that is a major component of biological membranes, serving as a substrate for various lipid mediators including prostaglandins (PG). It can improve cognitive responses and cardiovascular function, and can also be used to induce paw swelling models.

BR103 is a metabolically stable C3aR-selective agonist that can be used to assess the ligand affinity of G protein-coupled receptors and to induce paw edema models.