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Immunology and Inflammation Disease Modeling Immunology and Inflammation Disease ModelingOther Related Immunology and Inflammation Disease Modeling
In addition to the common inflammatory diseases mentioned above, models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are also critical in immunological research. These models are established through genetic engineering, chemical induction, and immune activation methods, facilitating the study of inflammatory signaling regulation, immune tolerance mechanisms, and preclinical screening of novel immunomodulatory agents.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
TQ019816561-29-8
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a natural phorbol ester that acts as an activator of PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and is commonly used to induce differentiation of THP-1 cells and establish dermatitis models.
- $44
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Doxorubicin hydrochloride
T102025316-40-9
Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.
- $34
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Hygromycin B
T102231282-04-9
Hygromycin B (Hygrovetine) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by interfering with translocation and causing mistranslation by the 70S ribosome. It is commonly used for the selection of cells transfected with the hph or hyg resistance gene.
- $35
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Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000)
T136479011-18-1
Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by preventing viral adsorption to host cells and primarily induces inflammation in the colon. Its sulfate groups confer a high negative charge that disrupts the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, leading to barrier damage, macrophage dysfunction, and microbiota imbalance. It is commonly used to induce inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models.
- $31
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Tacrolimus
T2144104987-11-3
Tacrolimus (FK506, Fujimycin) is a macrolide immunosuppressant that binds to FKBP12 to form a high-affinity complex (Ki = 0.2 nM), which inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity, thereby suppressing T lymphocyte signal transduction and the transcription and release of IL-2. It exerts potent immunosuppressive effects and can be used to induce immunosuppression models.
- $38
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Progesterone
T047857-83-0
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is essential for pregnancy. It is also commonly used to induce melasma models.
- $38
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D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride
T39991772-03-8
D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride is a well-established experimental toxin that induces liver injury primarily by generating free radicals and depleting UTP nucleotides, and it can be used to establish lipopolysaccharide D-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis or acute liver injury models.
- $30
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Lithocholic acid
T2202434-13-9
Lithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) is a toxic secondary bile acid produced from chenodeoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine and used as a choleretic agent to dissolve fats and promote absorption. It can be reabsorbed and exhibits FXR antagonist and PXR SXR agonist activities. Lithocholic acid is commonly used to induce cholestasis models.
- $35
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Liothyronine
T16536893-02-3
Liothyronine (Tresitope) is a synthetic and highly active thyroid hormone that acts as an effective agonist of TRα and TRβ (Ki = 2.33 nM for both hTRα and hTRβ). It activates the TRβ1 receptor, promotes the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, accelerates the oxidative processes in tissue cells, maintains basal metabolic rate, and supports normal growth and development. Liothyronine can be used to induce hyperthyroidism models.
- $34
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DMBA
T3669657-97-6
DMBA (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) is a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be used to induce animal models of leukemia, liver cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, and lung cancer. It is also capable of inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in A20.1 murine B-cell lymphoma.
- $30
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Oxazolone
T509515646-46-5
Oxazolone is a haptenating agent that can induce models of acute or chronic colitis and atopic dermatitis. It activates Th1 Th2 responses, leading to weight loss and diarrhea, and the resulting inflammation can be alleviated by anti-IL-4 antibodies, anti-TNF-α antibodies, or IL-13R2α-Fc fusion proteins. It is also suitable for studying gene expression related to inflammatory bowel disease in zebrafish.
- $29
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Cysteamine hydrochloride
T6460156-57-0
Cysteamine hydrochloride is an orally administered small-molecule drug commonly used for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. It also functions as an antioxidant and is used in experimental studies to induce gastrointestinal disorders, duodenal ulcers, and kidney injury models in mice.
- $29
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L-Homocysteine
T193926027-13-0
L-Homocysteine is a biological thiol involved in various diseases and pathological conditions. It is a marker for atherosclerosis and can exacerbate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by promoting the expression of 5-LOX and COX-2, making it suitable for inducing vascular endothelial inflammation models.
- $30
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Zymosan A
T7810158856-93-2
Zymosan A, a polysaccharide derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a TLR2 agonist that can upregulate ASCL2 through the TLR2 and Wnt signaling pathways, promoting the regeneration of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) after radiation-induced injury. It exhibits significant radioprotective effects, helping to prevent and alleviate IR-induced intestinal damage. Additionally, Zymosan A can induce immune responses, inflammation, anorexia, and elevated body temperature, and is commonly used to establish peritonitis models.
- $35
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Sodium thioglycolate
T8530367-51-1
Sodium thioglycolate is a biochemical reagent with disulfide-reducing properties, used as a biomaterial or organic compound in life science research, and is commonly employed to induce peritonitis models.
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