Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from damage by bile salts and lipid antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides are highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.

Bovine Type II Collagen (Collagen Type II,Bovine) is a homologous superhelical structure consisting of three identical α1(II) chains, and is a major component of animal cartilage. Type II collagen has a variety of biological activities, including maintaining cartilage tissue integrity, inducing immune tolerance, and stimulating chondrocyte growth and redifferentiation.

CP-20961 is a synthetic non-immunogenic adjuvant. It induces arthritis.

Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 1 mg ml) is a potent immunoadjuvant that incorporates heat-killed, inactive Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria into a paraffin-in-water emulsion. It significantly enhances the immune response of animals to antigens and acts as an inducer of Th1 immune responses and a ligand for TLRs (Toll-like receptors). CFA is effective in stimulating strong and long-lasting immune responses and is commonly used to induce rheumatoid arthritis in rats in experimental models.

G6PI 325-339 (human) effectively induces arthritis in B10.Q mice, primes Th1 and Th17 cells to cross-react with the murine G6PI protein, and triggers an arthritis model via a T and B cell-dependent pathway, although it operates without antibody effector mechanisms [1].