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Peptic ulcer disease is primarily caused by gastric acid, Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or psychological stress, leading to mucosal damage in the stomach or duodenum. Common modeling methods include chemical injury (e.g., ethanol, indomethacin, aspirin) and pylorus ligation. These models are widely used to study mucosal protective mechanisms and to screen pro-healing agents and anti-ulcer compounds.
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