Aspirin is an orally active, selective, and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with IC₅₀ values of 5 and 210 μg mL, respectively. It induces apoptosis, inhibits NF-κB activation and platelet prostaglandin synthesis, thereby preventing thrombosis. Additionally, it acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor that upregulates p21, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Aspirin is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Reserpine (Serpalan) is an alkaloid isolated from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina. As an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), it suppresses the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to depletion of catecholamines and serotonin in central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic effects and can be used to induce gastric ulcer and depression models.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived by the enzymatic decarboxylation of histamine. Histamine is a potent stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and a neurotransmitter of central action.

Indomethacin is an orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It exhibits good blood-brain barrier permeability and shows significant anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-infective activities. Indomethacin is widely used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections, and is also commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models in animals.

Histamine dihydrochloride (Ceplene) is the dihydrochloride salt form of histamine, an endogenous metabolic product. Histamine is an organic nitrogen-containing compound with diverse biological activities. It acts as a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion, a bronchial smooth muscle constrictor, and a vasodilator, as well as a neurotransmitter with central nervous system activity. It is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models in research.

Indomethacin sodium hydrate is an effective orally active, competitive, and reversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities and is commonly used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. Additionally, it can induce migraines and gastrointestinal injury and is used to study increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in adults, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Reserpine hydrochloride is the salt form of Reserpine and acts as an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). It blocks the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to the depletion of catecholamines and serotonin at central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic properties and is commonly used to induce models of gastric ulcer and depression.

Histamine phosphate is a potent agonist of histamine receptors and a vasodilatory neurotransmitter. It can activate nitric oxide synthase and is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Indomethacin sodium is a potent and orally active COX-1 2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-infective activities and is widely used in research on cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. Additionally, it can be used to establish gastric ulcer animal models.

Lithium acetylsalicylate is an orally active, irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 5 and 210 μg mL, respectively. It can induce apoptosis, inhibit the activation of NF-κB, and suppress the activity of platelet prostaglandin synthase. It is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.