follicle

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a heterodimeric glycoprotein synthesized by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, influences animal fertility and reproductive performance [1] [2].

Norgestrel (WY-3707) is a synthetic progestin commonly used alone or in combination with an estrogen for contraception. Norgestrel suppresses the secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), thickens cervical mucus, and slows the transit of ova through the fallopian tubes.

Minoxidil sulfate (U-58838) is the active metabolite required to exert the vasodilatory and hair growing effects of minoxidil.

ADX61623 is an effective negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). It also exhibits activity on the luteinizing hormone receptor (LH-R) but is inactive on the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. ADX61623 can be utilized in research on estrogen-dependent diseases.

KF-19418 is a follicle stimulant that directly activates follicles in vitro and promotes hair growth in vivo.

FSH receptor antagonist 1 (compound 10) is a potent antagonist of the G(s) protein-coupled human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor. It exhibits an IC50 value of 28 nM in cell lines expressing the human FSH receptor. This compound significantly inhibits follicle growth and ovulation in in vitro mouse models.

Nafarelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Nafarelin increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) by the anterior pituitary leading to an increase of estrogen progesterone.

Nafarelin acetate(76932-56-4 free base) (RS-94991-298) is a GnRH agonist that acts as an analog of GnRH. Nafarelin acetate(76932-56-4 free base) causes a decrease in the pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It may be used in the treatment of estrogen-dependent conditions.

Clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), it has both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities. This agent causes the release of the pituitary gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to ov

Triptorelin acetate(57773-63-4 free base) (CL 118,532) is used as a GnRH agonist. It decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by causing constant stimulation of the pituitary. Triptorelin acetate(57773-63-4 free base) may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as breast cancer or prostate cancer, precocious puberty, estrogen-dependent conditions, and assisted reproduction.

Relugolix (RVT-601) is an orally available, non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)) antagonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. Relugolix competitively binds to and blocks the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, which both prevents GnRH binding to the GnRH receptor and inhibits the secretion and release of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes. Since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth, reducing testosterone levels may inhibit hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation.

17α,20β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-DHP) is an endogenous, maturation-inducing steroid that stimulates oocyte maturation in female teleost species. For instance, 1 μg ml of 17α,20β-DHP induces germinal vesicle breakdown in Persian sturgeon oocytes, a key step in maturation. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) stimulate the production of 17α,20β-DHP in vivo or in vitro. 17α,20β-DHP also influences spermiation by stimulating milt production at 5 mg kg in various male teleosts.

Propylparaben sodium (propyl parahydroxybenzoate) is a naturally occurring antimicrobial preservative found in plants and bacteria. Widely utilized in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods, this compound impairs antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by modifying the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways. Additionally, propylparaben sodium reduces sperm count and motility in rats.

Gonadorelin HCl, as a decapeptide, can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE, and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.

Cetrorelix diacetate (NS-75A) is is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. It works by blocking the action of GnRH upon the pituitary, thus rapidly suppressing the production and action of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Loureirin A has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, perhaps through an impairment of PI3K Akt signaling.Loureirin A negatively affects agonist-induced platelet aggregation such as collagen, collagen-related peptide (CRP), ADP and thrombin. Lourei

Lutropin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein, a hormone produced by anterior pituitary gonadotrophs, which stimulates follicle development.

Nafarelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) which acts as an analog of GnRH. Nafarelin increases the release of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary, which in turn leads to an increase of estrogen progesterone. When administered, Nafarelin has the purpose of causing increase estrogen that will negatively feed back upon hypothalamus to decrease GnRH ( negative feedback loop ) Through negative feedback, Nafarelin causes a decrease in pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Nafarelin may be used in the treatment of estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids), to treat central precocious puberty, and to control ovarian stimulation in IVF. It is normally delivered via a nasal spray. Nafarelin acetate is marketed by Searle (now part of Pfizer) under the brand name Synarel.

Ozarelix is a fourth generation GnRH antagonist, induces apoptosis in hormone refractory androgen receptor negative prostate cancer cells modulating expression and activity of death receptors. Mechanistically, LHRH antagonists exert rapid inhibition of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone with an accompanying rapid decrease in sex hormones and would therefore be expected to be effective in a variety of hormonally dependent disease states including ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, BPH, infertility, uterine myoma and endometriosis. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that is caused by testosterone. Unlike LHRH agonists, ozarelix has the potential to reduce testosterone just enough to reduce both prostate size and symptoms without the severe side effects associated with a reduction in testosterone.

Dicetrorelix pamoate is a synthetic decapeptide with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic activity. GnRH induces the production and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the gonadotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. Due to a positive estradiol (E2) feedback at midcycle, GnRH liberation is enhanced resulting in an LH-surge. This LH-surge induces the ovulation of the dominant follicle, resumption of oocyte meiosis and subsequently luteinization as indicated by rising progesterone levels. Cetrorelix competes with natural GnRH for binding to membrane receptors on pituitary cells and thus controls the release of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner. Cetrorelix binds to the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor and acts as a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion. It competes with natural GnRH for binding to membrane receptors on pituitary cells and thus controls the release of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner......

Triptorelin, a decapeptide (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Trp-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2), is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) used as the acetate or pamoate salts. By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Like other GnRH agonists, triptorelin may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate cancer or breast cancer, precocious puberty, estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids), and in assisted reproduction. It is also used as therapy for gender identity disorder.

FSHR agonist 1, an allosteric agonist of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), exhibits high affinity, with a pEC50 of 7.72. It forms extensive interactions with the transmembrane domain (TMD) to directly activate FSHR.

Urofollitropin, a protein extract derived from human menopausal urine, promotes follicle development and maturation while containing minimal amounts of urinary proteins [1].

Ganirelix is a selective and competitive antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), effectively inhibiting endogenous GnRH from inducing the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone [1].