esterases

Etilevodopa hydrochloride (L-DOPA ethyl ester) is a prodrug of levodopa. It also has greater gastric solubility and significant brain penetration.

AA26-9 is an effective and broad-spectrum inhibitor of serine hydrolase.

Aprotinin (Traskolan) is a broad-spectrum serine protease (BPTI) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a number of different esterases and proteases. Aprotinin is an antifibrinolytic agent used to minimize hemorrhage during complex surgical procedures.

Aripiprazole lauroxil, the N-acyloxymethyl prodrug form of aripiprazole, a long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic. Aripiprazole lauroxil is cleaved by esterases in vivo to N-hydroxymethyl aripiprazole (lauric acid), which is then cleaved to aripiprazole, which is non-toxic.

Etilevodopa is an ethyl-ester prodrug of Levodopa which is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is rapidly hydrolyzed to Levodopa and ethanol by nonspecific esterases in the gastrointestinal tract. Levodopa is the direct precursor of dop

Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126), is a lipophilic, unsaturated fatty acid ester derivative of gemcitabine (dFdC), an antimetabolite deoxynucleoside analogue, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon hydrolysis intracellularly by esterases, the prodrug gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and tri-phosphate (dFdCDP and dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis.

Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126) hydrochloride is a lipophilic pro-drug of Gemcitabine, converted to Gemcitabine by esterases for phosphorylation. Unlike gemcitabine, Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride can be administered orally, displaying schedule and dose-dependent toxicity and antitumor activity.

Tamethicillin is an ester prodrug of methicillin (MET) that is converted to MET in the body by non-specific esterases.

5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine (formate) (PNU-200577 (formic)) is an active metabolite of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists Tolterodine and Fesoterodine. It is synthesized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme CYP2D6 and plasma esterases.

Fosfenopril (Fosinoprilat) is a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in monocytes through the suppression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, and Fosfenopril is utilized in cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory research to investigate molecular mechanisms of ACE inhibition.

(R,S,S,S)-Orlistat is a stereoisomeric derivative of orlistat (Tetrahydrolipstatin; THL) that inhibits three mycobacterial lipid esterases: Ag85C (KI: 16.43 μM), Rv3802 (EC50: 16.2 nM), and Pks13-TE.

TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock is a high-affinity fluorescent prodrug-like inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT). It is capable of crossing cell membranes and is activated by hydrolysis from endogenous cellular esterases to form an active EAAT inhibitor. TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock is useful for studying neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death.

KMT9-IN-1 (Compound 8) is a KMT9 inhibitor and an ethyl ester prodrug of compound 7b. Inside cells, KMT9-IN-1 releases the active form 7b through the action of esterases. It specifically associates with the KMT9 target within cells, leading to a reduction in H4K12me1 levels. KMT9-IN-1 exhibits antitumor activity against colon cancer and can be employed in research on prostate cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.

31hP is an asymmetric A3 lipid that enhances the expression of luciferase in vivo. It contains two ester bonds that are biodegradable, allowing for quick degradation by esterases. 31hP is also utilized in the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles (LNP).

ProAX is an AXP prodrug that enhances intracellular ATP levels without causing cytotoxicity. It is metabolized by intracellular enzymes such as esterases and phosphoamidases, converting it into AMP, ADP, and ATP. ProAX has potential applications in the study of bioenergetics and molecular therapy.

3'-O-Bn-GTP (3'-O-Benzyl-5'-O-guanosine triphosphate) sodium (CAP-164) is an analog of GTP. This compound demonstrates increased stability against esterases.

MS99-β-Gal (Gal-MS99) is a galactose-modified NPM-ALK PROTAC degrader. It is selectively hydrolyzed by SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and esterases specifically in senescent cancer cells, releasing MS99, which targets the degradation of the NPM-ALK fusion protein. In senescent Karpas 299 cells, MS99-β-Gal has an IC50 value of 454.8 nM, significantly lower than its IC50 of 2.162 μM in normal Karpas 299 cells. This compound is applicable in cancer research.

Lorajmine, a monochloroacetyl derivative of ajmaline, is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ajmaline by plasma and tissue esterases.

Dabigatran acyl-β-D-glucuronide is a major active metabolite of the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran . The prodrug of dabigatran, dabigatran etexilate , is hydrolyzed by plasma esterases to form dabigatran, which is metabolized primarily by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform UGT2B15 to form dabigatran acyl-β-D-glucuronide. Dabigatran acyl-β-D-glucuronide increases activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in isolated human platelet-poor plasma equipotently to dabigatran.

Clopidogrel Carboxylic Acid hydrochloride (SR 26334) is a major inactive metabolite of clopidogrel, accounting for 85% of circulating clopidogrel, and is produced by hydrolysis by esterases. CLPM is commonly used as a reference standard for metabolic analysis of clopidogrel.

In addition to its role in the Krebs cycle, α-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) has roles as a substrate or modulator of enzymes. 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate, also known as α-ketoglutarate octyl ester, is a stable, cell-permeable molecule that generates free α-ketoglutarate upon hydrolysis of the ester bond by cytoplasmic esterases. It is used in experiments to increase levels of intracellular α-ketoglutarate. 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate has been shown to modulate a variety of enzymes and signaling pathways, particularly in the context of glycolysis, hypoxia, and cancer.

Resolvin D1 is produced physiologically from the sequential oxygenation of docosahexaenoic acid by 15- and 5-lipoxygenase . It reduces human polymorphonuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration, the earliest event in acute inflammation, with an EC50 value of ~30 nM. RvD1 methyl ester is a methyl ester version of the free acid that may act as a lipophilic prodrug form that will alter its distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. The methyl ester moiety is susceptible to cleavage by intracellular esterases, leaving the free acid.

Resolvin D2 (RvD2) is a lipid mediator biosynthesized by the sequential oxygenation of docosahexaenoic acid by 15- and 5-lipoxygenase. It evokes diverse anti-inflammatory effects which may mediate the resolution of inflammation. RvD2 methyl ester is a methyl ester version of the free acid which may act as a lipophilic prodrug form that will alter its distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. The methyl ester moiety is susceptible to cleavage by intracellular esterases, leaving the free acid.

Resolvin D3 methyl ester is a methyl ester version of the free acid that may act as a lipophilic prodrug form that will alter its distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. The methyl ester moiety is susceptible to cleavage by intracellular esterases, leaving the free acid.