dismutase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that alternatively catalyzes the disproportionate decomposition of superoxide anion radicals (O2-) to O2 and H2O2, is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that effectively reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits neutrophil infiltration into sites of tissue damage.

Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (Mn SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme located within mitochondria that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2·-) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Mn SOD plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and is involved in conditions such as transplant rejection, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.

Tiomolibdate diammonium (NSC-286644) is an inhibitor of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) exerting antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. Tiomolibdate diammonium inhibits the activities of cuproenzymes, including SOD1 and COX.

NF-κΒ activator 1 can activate the nf-kappa Β gene activator, EC50 of 0.9 microns. NF-κΒ is widely used in eukaryotic cells as a gene regulating cell proliferation and cell survival. NF-κΒ activator 1 induces superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2 1 mRNA expression.

BNTA is a potent extracellular matrix (ECM) modulator. In a rat model of arthritis, BNTA modulates arthritis by promoting the synthesis of cartilage structural molecules on chondrocytes through the induction of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) and regulating chondrogenesis through superoxide anion elimination.

TriacetonaMine (Vincubine) protects the activitis of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and creatine phos-phate kinase (CPK); it also inhibits CaCl2 induced agglomeration of thromocyte. Triacetonamine can improve the constructile function of heart mus-cles of acute anemia and decrease the content of malodialdehyde (MDA) in the heart muscles.

EUK-134, a synthetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase mimetic, exhibits potent antioxidant activities and inhibits the formation of β-amyloid and related amyloid fibrils.

ATN-224 (Bis(choline)tetrathiomolybdate) inhibits SOD1 activity in endothelial cells, an effect that is dose dependent with an IC50 of 17.5±3.7 nM. ATN-224 is an oral Cu2+ Zn2+-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inhibitor.

Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic, scavenges superoxide and alkyl radicals, preventing mitochondrial oxidation, necrosis, and apoptosis.

Morin monohydrate (oxylon pomiferum monohydrate) is a flavonoid extracted from Morus alba plant with anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, which reduces T-2 toxin-induced TNF-alpha, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3, and caspase-11 mRNA. BML-286 is a WNP-containing WNP-containing BML-286, which reduces T-2 toxin-induced TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3, and caspase-11 mRNA expression, and ameliorates T-2 toxin-induced injury by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX).

MTP 131 is a mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidant.1,2It localizes to the mitochondria and reducestert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells when used at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 nM.1MTP 131 (2 mg kg) reduces infarct volume, hemispheric swelling, and glutathione (GSH) depletion in a mouse model of acute cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).2It increases survival, improves motor function, and decreases degeneration of the lumbar spinal cord in a superoxide dismutase 1 mutant (SOD1G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when administered at a dose of 5 mg kg. MTP 131 reduces albuminuria, urinary hydrogen peroxide levels, and mesangial matrix accumulation, as well as preserves superoxide production, in adb dbmouse model of diabetic nephropathy.3 1.Zhao, K., Luo, G., Giannelli, S., et al.Mitochondria-targeted peptide prevents mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in neuronal cell linesBiochem. Pharmacol.70(12)1796-1806(2005) 2.Szeto, H.H.Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants: Novel neuroprotective agentsAAPS J.8(3)E521-E531(2006) 3.Miyamoto, S., Zhang, G., Hall, D., et al.Restoring mitochondrial superoxide levels with elamipretide (MTP-131) protects db db mice against progression of diabetic kidney diseaseJ. Biol. Chem.295(21)7249-7260(2020)

AEOL-10150 pentachloride is a metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidant and superoxide dismutase mimetic that protects lungs from radiation-induced injury.

Adrenochrome (Adraxone) is a cytotoxic molecule that can be used to kill bacteria. Adrenochrome is an oxidized product of Epinephrine. Adrenochrome is a coronary systolic compound that acts on rat hearts and is associated with cardiotoxicity and can be used to determine superoxide dismutase activity. Adrenochrome is a potential psychotropic drug for the study of nervous system diseases.

ATN-224 is a second-generation analogue of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, acting as a novel copper chelator. It demonstrates anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties by inhibiting CuZn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1).

AKV-9 is an inhibitor of mutant Cu Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), effectively preventing SOD1-induced protein aggregation and providing protection against SOD1-induced cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells, with an EC50 of 0.3 μM. Additionally, AKV-9 has been shown to improve amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in mouse models and extend their lifespan.

Levamlodipine besylate hemipentahydrate is the besylate hemipentahydrate salt form of Levamlodipine. It is an orally effective calcium channel blocker with antioxidative and vasodilatory properties. This compound can reduce serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and alleviate oxidative stress. Levamlodipine besylate hemipentahydrate is relevant for research in vascular dementia, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases.

Herbicide safener-4 (Compound I-15) is a herbicide safener designed to enhance crop resistance to herbicides without diminishing the herbicidal effects on target weeds. It competitively binds to the ALS active site alongside Mesosulfuron-methyl. In addition, Herbicide safener-4 boosts the activities of glutathione GSH, glutathione-S-transferase GST, cytochrome P450 CYP450, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetolactate synthase (ALS) within plants.

BMX-001 is a third-generation, cationic, lipophilic, manganese (Mn), and porphyrin-based mimetic of the human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). It also has antioxidant and potential chemoprotective activities.

SP-8203 is a reactive oxygen species inhibitor and superoxide dismutase stimulant.

Avasopasem manganese is a drug candidate of superoxide dismutase mimetic.

Trilobatin (P-Phlorizin) has anti-oxidant effect, can increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Trilobatin has anti-inflammatory effect, it potentially inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.Trilobatin shows a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect.

SC 55858 is a superoxide dismutase mimetic.

Ochratoxin A-13C20is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ochratoxin A by GC- or LC-MS. Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin that has been found inAspergillusandPenicillium.1It increases lipid peroxide levels and the number of apoptotic cells, as well as reduces superoxide dismutase activity in rat kidney when administered at a dose of 120 μg/kg.2Topical application of ochratoxin A (80 μg/mouse) induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1phase, and apoptosis in mouse skin cells.1It also initiates tumor formation in a two-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Ochratoxin A has been found as a contaminant in a variety of foods.3

MitoTEMPO is a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic that possesses superoxide and alkyl radical scavenging properties.[1] This compound combines the antioxidant piperidine nitroxide TEMPO with the lipophilic cation triphenylphosphonium, which allows it to pass through lipid bilayers and accumulate in mitochondria. Mitochondrial targeting of superoxide scavenging via mitoTEMPO has been examined for potential therapeutic benefit to a variety of mitochondrial dysfunctions arising from excessive reactive oxygen species.[2][3][4]