ionophore

Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is an effective and selective calcium ionophore, demonstrating high specificity for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba).

Calcimycin (A-23187) is an ionophorous, polyether carboxylic antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports calcium and other divalent cations across membranes, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and inhibits ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is primarily used as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

Lead Ionophore IV, an ion carrier, actively facilitates the transport of metal ions. It is commonly utilized in biological research to investigate the biological effects of lead ions and their impact on cellular functions. Additionally, Lead Ionophore IV is employed in developing drug delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of compounds.

Copper ionophore I is an efficient carrier of copper ions that modulates intracellular copper levels to induce cuproptosis, with effects observed in cells such as 4T1 (IC50= 0.45 μM) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50= 1.21 μM). It elevates ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, and decreases the expression of proteins FDX1, DLAT, and LIAS. Additionally, it can activate immune-related pathways, enhancing T cell infiltration, making it a valuable compound for cancer research.

Copper(II) ionophore I is a neutral ionophore with high selectivity for Cu2+. It is widely used in ion-selective electrodes (ISE) to accurately measure copper concentrations in biological and environmental samples.

Magnesium ionophore III (ETH 4030) is an ion carrier that regulates intracellular magnesium ion concentrations. It enhances cellular functions and metabolic activities by increasing the permeability of cell membranes to magnesium ions. Additionally, Magnesium ionophore III is utilized in research to explore the significance of magnesium ions in biological processes and their impact on cellular physiology.

Calcium Ionophore I (ETH 1001) is a highly selective Ca2+ ionophore designed for biological membranes. It functions by forming stable complexes with calcium ions, facilitating their transport across lipid bilayers. This compound is extensively utilized in the development of Ca2+-selective microelectrodes, which enable precise quantitative measurements of intracellular resting Ca2+ activities and the monitoring of slow kinetic calcium fluctuations. Its high selectivity makes it an indispensable tool for investigating ion homeostasis and signaling in various cellular models.

Sodium ionophore III (ETH2120) is a Na+ ionophore ideal for testing sodium activity in plasma, serum, and blood.

Chloride Ionophore IV is a thiourea-type hydrogen bonding-based receptor and a chloride ionophore [1] [2].

Sodium ionophore VI is a highly selective sodium ionophore extensively utilized in the development of cation optical sensors. This compound features high lipophilicity, allowing it to function as a neutral carrier embedded within polymer membranes (e.g., PVC membranes) in combination with lipophilic anionic dyes like fluorescein derivatives. By mediating the selective exchange of sodium ions at the membrane interface, Sodium ionophore VI facilitates the conversion of ion concentration changes into optical signals, enabling the monitoring of sodium, potassium, and ammonium ions in complex biological or environmental samples.

Potassium ionophore III (BME-44) is a highly specific potassium ion carrier based on a bis-crown ether structure. Featuring high lipophilicity, it effectively facilitates potassium transport across lipid bilayers and exhibits excellent selectivity over sodium (Na+) and ammonium (NH4+) ions. BME-44 is commonly utilized in the development of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and chemical sensors, where it is covalently immobilized or incorporated into polymer membranes for precise monitoring of potassium ions in environmental or biological samples.

Elesclomol (STA-4783) is an oxidative stress inducer and a highly lipophilic copper ion carrier. Elesclomol induces apoptosis in tumor cells and is used in copper death related studies. Elesclomol also inhibits FDX1-mediated Fe-S cluster biosynthesis.

Ionomycin is a calcium ion carrier and an antibiotic that binds to calcium ions (Ca2+). The main function of Ionomycin is to induce cellular responses by increasing the intracellular calcium ion concentration. In experiments, Ionomycin is typically used to activate calcium-dependent processes, such as apoptosis and enzyme activity.

Monatepil maleate (AJ-2615 maleate) is an orally active Ca2+-channel and α1-adrenoceptor antagonist and non-competitive heparanoyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity.Monatepil maleate is used in studies of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Monatepil maleate is used to study hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Lasalocid sodium (Lasalocid-A sodium) is a cationic ionophore antibiotic derived from Streptomyces lasaliensis that disrupts calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is primarily used as a coccidiostat, particularly in poultry.

Lasalocid (Lasalocid-A) is an ion carrier antibiotic produced by Streptomyces, which has antimicrobial and parasitic properties and is often added to feed.

Nigericin is a polyether antibiotic with potent antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticoronaviral and anticancer activities. It is capable of promoting cellular potassium efflux, inducing Caspase-1/GSDMD and Caspase-3-mediated cellular pyroptosis and apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer, and inducing apoptosis in PEL (primary exudative lymphoma) cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and Wnt/β-catenin signaling downregulation.

Calcium ionophore II (N,N,N′,N′-Tetracyclohexyl-3-oxapentanediamide) is a lipophilic ionophore utilized in preparing calcium ion-selective electrodes.

Chromoionophore XVII is a reagent used in biochemical reactions.

AACOCF3 (Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone) is a cell-permeable trifluoromethyl ketone analog of arachidonic acid and a potent, selective slow binding inhibitor of the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). By blocking the production of arachidonate and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in calcium ionophore-challenged platelets, AACOCF3 hinders their synthesis. Additionally, AACOCF3 inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated rat islets, making it promising for cardiovascular disease research.

Oxodipine, a dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist, inhibited KCl-induced aortic contraction in rabbits and reduced cardiac force in less potent rat ventricular test-paper contractions. In rat cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes, Oxodipine reduced L-type Ca currents (I) with an IC of 0.24 μM, and against T-type Ca currents (I) with an IC of 0.41 μM. Oxodipine causes constipation in mice and gingival hyperplasia in dogs.

Salinomycin (Procoxacin), a polyether potassium ionophore antibiotic, specifically inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria, acts as a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by blocking Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, and demonstrates selective activity against human cancer stem cells.

4-Bromo A23187, a halogenated analog of the calcium ionophore A-23187, acts as a calcium modulator and induces apoptosis in various cells.

Calcimycin (A-23187) hemicalcium salt is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). It induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration.