renal toxicity

Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative.

2,3-Dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS) acts as a mercury chelator. It lowers renal mercury concentrations while elevating urinary mercury levels in both uninephrectomized and normal rats treated with mercuric chloride. In a mouse model of developmental toxicity induced by heavy metals, DMPS (administered at 180 or 360 mg/kg per day for four days) mitigates methylmercury chloride-induced increases in embryotoxicity and fetal and maternal mortality, while also preventing the reduction in fetal bone ossification when given to pregnant mice.