phosphorylase

Glycogen phosphorylase-IN-1 is a selective and potent inhibitor of human hepatic glycogen phosphorylase (hlGPa) with inhibitory effects on hlGPa activity and on hepatocyte glycogen-derived glucose production, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and canine lupus.

Glycogen phosphorylase-IN-2 (compound 9C) is an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, with a Ki value of 1.9 nM and an IC50 value of 4 nM.

Peldesine (BCX 34) is an effective, competitive, reversible, and orally active inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Peldesine inhibits T-cell proliferation with an IC50 of 800 nM. Peldesine can be used in research on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, psoriasis and HIV infection.

Maltoheptaose (aka amyloheptaose) is a activater of phosphorylase B specifically to prepare (neurosin)heptulose-2-phosphate.

D-galactosyl-β1-3-N-acetyl-D-hexosamine phosphorylase (BiGalHexNAcP), a member of the CAZy glycoside hydrolase family GH112, plays a pivotal role in biochemical research by catalyzing the phosphorolysis of lacto-n-biose and galacto-n-biose, yielding Gal-1-P and the corresponding N-acetyl-D-hexosamine [1].

Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase, an essential enzyme in purine metabolism, plays a critical role in the purine salvage pathway. Its deficiency impairs T cell function. With inorganic orthophosphate as a co-substrate, this enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of the glycosidic bond linking ribose and deoxyribonucleoside, resulting in the production of a purine base and ribose (deoxyribose)-1-phosphate [1].

Maltose phosphorylase (MP) is a dimeric enzyme that participates in starch and sucrose metabolism and catalyzes the conversion of maltose and inorganic phosphate into β-D-glucose-1-phosphate and glucose without requiring any cofactors, such as pyridoxal phosphate.

Sucrose phosphorylase, a bacterial transglucosidase, catalyzes the conversion of sucrose and phosphate into α-D-glucose-1-phosphate and D-fructose. This enzyme can also hydrolyze glucosylated sucrose into α-D-glucose or transfer the glucosyl group to a receptor's hydroxyl group, resulting in new α-D-glucoside products. Its enzymatic activity towards the base, substrate, and product is weak [1].

Phosphorylase Kinase β-Subunit Fragment (420-436) is a peptide fragment (430-436) derived from the β-Subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase, a serine threonine-specific protein kinase, plays a crucial role in activating glycogen phosphorylase for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen [1].

UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (BlUSP) is an enzyme that activates glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) to UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and catalyzes the reversible transfer of the uridyl group from UTP to sugar-1-phosphate, yielding UDP-sugar and pyrophosphate (PPi) [1].

DIPQUO hydrochloride is an activator of the bone marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP), with an EC50 of 6.27 μM in C2C12 cells. DIPQUO hydrochloride promotes mouse and human osteoblast differentiation via activation of p38 MAPK-β.

Uric acid is an important antioxidant that scavenges oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species (such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite), inhibits lipid peroxidation, helps maintain stable blood pressure, and is the final product of purine metabolism. It is commonly used to induce hypertension models.

Disodium monofluorophosphate (NSC248) is a competitive inhibitor of pyruvate kinase and alkaline phosphatase, which also irreversibly inhibits phosphorylase phosphatase.

L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid magnesium) functions as an antioxidant and stimulates hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production. This long-acting vitamin C derivative promotes collagen formation and expression.

H-HoArg-OH (a homologue of arginine) is a potent inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphatase.

(-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate (6-Bromolevamisole oxalate) is a potent and non-specific inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase.

BAY R3401 is an orally active inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, leading to irreversible and non-selective inhibition of liver glycogenolysis. It suppresses glycogen breakdown in hepatocytes with IC50 values of 27.06 μM in HL-7702 cells and 52.83 μM in HepG2 cells. BAY R3401 is applicable for research in type 2 diabetes.

RMGPa-IN-1 (Compound 10C) is an inhibitor of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase a (RMGPa), exhibiting an IC50 value of 82.5 μM. This compound holds potential for research in diabetes.

m-APTA (5'-S-(3-aminophenyl)-5'-thioadenosine) is a selective chemoprotective agent targeting methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP). It can be converted into adenine, which is a crucial step in shielding normal cells from the toxicity of nucleobase analogs (NBA). m-APTA holds potential for research in MTAP-deficient cancers.

Ingliforib (CP 368296) is a novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor with antihyperglycemic and cardioprotective properties.

Foscarbidopa is a prodrug of carbidopa, which is metabolised by alkaline phosphatase into carbidopa upon entering the body, thereby increasing dopamine levels. It is often used in combination with levodopa to treat motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease.

CW 008 is an agonist of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway, promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), inhibiting leptin secretion, and enhancing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. It is also regarded as a PKA activator in experimental studies.

Tracheloside significantly decreases the activity of alkaline phosphatase (IC50: 0.31 μg/ml), a level of inhibition comparable to that of tamoxifen (IC50: 0.43 μg/ml).

H-HomoArg-OH.HCl (L-Homoarginine hydrochloride) is a specific inhibitor of liver-type alkaline phosphatase.