encephalopathy

Framycetin sulfate (Neomycin Sulphate B) belongs to aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that contain two or more aminosugars connected by glycosidic bonds.

Sarmazenil (Ro 15-3505) is a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor with pro-convulsant properties and is used in the study of chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

Erbulozole (R 55104) is a potent synthetic microtubule inhibitor with anti-invasive, anti-tumor, and radiosensitizing activities that induces Wernicke's encephalopathy-like neurotoxicity.

Golexanolone (Golexanolona) is a novel GABA-A receptor-modulating steroid antagonist that reduces peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function in rats with chronic hyperammonemia, and may be used to study hepatic encephalopathy.

L-Ornithine L-aspartate (Ornithine Aspartate) lowers blood ammonia concentration and to eliminate symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy associated with liver cirrhosis.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is an indirect hepatotoxin commonly used to induce experimental liver injury. It is metabolized by CYP2E1 into reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins and lipids, leading to oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis, hepatocyte death, and M1 M2 macrophage-dominated inflammation. TAA is widely used to establish models of chronic liver fibrosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver cancer.

L-Dihydroorotic acid, also known as (S)-4,5-dihydroorotate or dihydro-L-orotate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. Within the cell, L-dihydroorotic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochon

2-Methylsuccinic acid (Pyrotartaric Acid) is a normal metabolite found in human fluids. Increased urinary levels of 2-Methylsuccinic acid (Pyrotartaric Acid) (together with ethylmalonic acid) are the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy, a rare metabolic disorder with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that is clinically characterized by neuromotor delay, hyperlactic acidemia, recurrent petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic diarrhea.

KLS-13019 is a highly effective and orally active GPR55 receptor antagonist, a cannabidiol (CBD)-derived neuroprotective agent that can reverse chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and is suitable for studying hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

Lactitol monohydrate (D-Lactitol monohydrate), a disaccharide analog of lactulose, is widely used for treating constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.

Lactulose (Lactulosum) , a synthetic disaccharide , is used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.

CBT-295, an orally active autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor, effectively decreases inflammatory cytokines including TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6, along with the bile duct proliferation marker CK-19, and ameliorates liver fibrosis. The compound's ability to reverse liver fibrosis contributes to lowered ammonia levels in the blood and brain, which in turn reduces ammonia-induced neuroinflammation. CBT-295 shows potential for the study of liver cirrhosis and related encephalopathy.

Ethyl-d5-malonic Acid is a deuterated compound of Ethyl-malonic Acid. Ethyl-malonic Acid has a CAS number of 601-75-2. Ethylmalonic acid can be found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, prostate, and skeletal muscle tissues. Moreover, ethylmalonic acid is found to be associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. Ethylmalonic acid is a non-carcinogenic potentially toxic compound. Chronically high levels of ethylmalonic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including short chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD deficiency) and ethylmalonic encephalopathy.

Marein shows neuroprotective effect on PC12 cell damage induced by methylglyoxal, which is due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway, it may be a potent compound for preventing counteracting diabetic e