decarboxylation

Pheneturide (Benuride) is the ureide class, used to treat epilepsy, and is an anticonvulsant.

L-DOPA belongs to the category of dopamine precursors, serving as an orally active neurotransmitter metabolic precursor capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and undergoing conversion to dopamine within the brain. The compound exhibits anti-hyperalgesic properties and finds application in Parkinson's disease research as well as in the induction of disease models.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived from histamine through enzymatic decarboxylation; it acts as a histamine receptor agonist and vasodilator. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound that participates in local immune responses and regulates intestinal physiological functions. Histamine is a potent stimulant of gastric secretion, a bronchoconstrictor, a vasodilator, and a centrally acting neurotransmitter. Histamine influences the p38 MAPK/Akt signaling pathway and exhibits antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Histamine can be used in research on acute myeloid leukemia, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

Dopamine hydrochloride (ASL279) is a natural catecholamine neurotransmitter that mainly acts on dopamine receptors (D1-5 receptors) (EC50=2.7 nM). Dopamine hydrochloride induces VEGFR2 endocytosis through D2 dopamine receptor and has pro-angiogenic activity.

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6 phosphate) is the active form of vitamin B6 and a coenzyme for many pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. PLP is involved in numerous enzymatic transamination, decarboxylation and deamination reactions; it is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and amino acid metabolites, and for the synthesis and/or catabolism of certain neurotransmitters, including the conversion of glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and levodopa into dopamine. PLP can be used as a dietary supplement in cases of vitamin B6 deficiency. Reduced levels of PLP in the brain can cause neurological dysfunction.

Phenylpropiolic acid (3-Phenylpropiolic acid) is an enzyme extinguishing agent used in palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation coupling reactions.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (Cocarboxylase) is a vitamin B-1 derivative that acts as a coenzyme of transketolase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is used in studies to assess decarboxylation mechanisms in biological systems.

Tyramine hydrochloride is a biogenic trace amine that is generated via the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine, exhibiting neuromodulatory properties as well as cardiovascular and immunological effects.

Succinyl phosphonate is a selective α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDHC ) and OGDHC inhibitor that inhibits α-ketoglutarate oxidative decarboxylation. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt inhibits glutamate-induced ROS generation in glutamate-stimulated hippocampal neurons and can be used to study neurodegenerative diseases.

α-Lipoic acid is a cyclic disulfide antioxidant that interconverts with its reduced dithiol form. It is an essential cofactor for decarboxylation reactions of the citric acid cycle and acts as a general antioxidant. AN-7 is a more lipophilic analog of α-lipoic acid with enhanced potency and 1.5-fold increased maximal capacity to stimulate glucose transport into myocytes. This identifies the analogs of lipoic acid as potential new treatments for diabetes.

3-Iodothyronamine hydrochloride is a fast-acting, endogenous thyroid hormone derivative that activates TAAR1 in vitro and induces hypothermia in vivo, making it suitable for endocrine and metabolic research.

Alamandine can be formed from angiotensin A by action of ACE-2 or directly from angiotensin-(1-7) by decarboxylation of its aspartate residue. The angiotensin A analog produces effects resembling those of Ang II (1-7). However, it acts independently of the two known vasodilators receptors of the RAS (Mas and angiotensin II type 2). To produce its effects, alamandine binds to the Mas-related receptor, MrgD. A novel orally active formulation of alamandine produced a long-term antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats and cardioprotective effects. These novel findings will be helpful for developing a new understanding of the RAS, a key regulator of blood pressure and fluid balance. The heptapeptide could serve as a model peptide, e.g. in the development and evaluation of analytical methods.

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) contains phospholipids found in mammals, formed by decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine.

(±)-Jasmonic acid (trans-Jasmonic acid) is a compound found in grapevine inflorescences and fruits with pro-aging activity, inhibiting chlorophyll levels in green and yellowing barley leaf segments, suppressing rice seedling elongation, and participating in biogenic amine chemical coupling through decarboxylation with both aliphatic and aromatic α-amino acids.

Tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC; TyrDC), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the decarboxylation of tyrosine, leading to the production of tyramine and carbon dioxide. This enzyme is prevalent in plants, insects, and various microorganisms, playing a significant role in biochemical research.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), a critical enzyme in the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle, facilitates the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate while reducing NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H, thus playing pivotal roles in cellular metabolism [1].

Vinclozolin M2, an active metabolite of vinclozolin, is generated through successive esterase activity and decarboxylation in C. elegans, as well as decarboxylation in human liver microsomes. It functions as an antagonist to the mineralocorticoid (IC50= 1,400 nM) and androgen receptors (IC50= 0.17 nM), demonstrated in reporter assays with MCF-7 cells. This compound is exclusively sold for research and analytical purposes, tailored for controlled laboratory use, and is not available in bulk sizes.

Fmoc-L-Lys(4-N3-Z)-OH is a chemical reagent characterized by its azide group. This compound serves as a lysine building block in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) with azide functionality, useful as a bioorthogonal handle, an infrared probe, and a photoaffinity label. It undergoes strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition facilitated by trans-cyclooctene decarboxylation. Additionally, Fmoc-L-Lys(4-N3-Z)-OH functions as a click chemistry reagent, enabling copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAc) with molecules containing alkyne groups. Moreover, it can participate in strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition reactions (SPAAC) with molecules that possess DBCO or BCN groups.

L-DOPA-2,5,6-D3 is a deuterated isotope of L-Dopa for isotope tracing. L-DOPA (T0848) is an orally active metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and converting to dopamine within the brain. It exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and is utilised in Parkinson's disease research.

Tyramine hydrochloride (Standard) is the standard substance of Tyramine hydrochloride, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Tyramine hydrochloride is a biogenic trace amine that is generated via the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine, exhibiting neuromodulatory properties as well as cardiovascular and immunological effects.

Thiamine pyrophosphate chloride (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Thiamine pyrophosphate chloride. Thiamine pyrophosphate (Cocarboxylase) is a vitamin B-1 derivative that acts as a coenzyme of transketolase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is used in studies to assess decarboxylation mechanisms in biological systems.

Pyridoxal phosphate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyridoxal phosphate, primarily used for research and analytical applications. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the active form of Vitamin B6 and acts as an essential cofactor for over 140 enzymatic reactions, including transamination, decarboxylation, and racemization. Additionally, it has been shown to inhibit the activity of reverse transcriptases and is utilized in studies concerning tardive dyskinesia.

Oxaloacetate decarboxylase catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to produce pyruvate and COIC2. It belongs to the sodium ion translocating decarboxylase (NaT-DC) enzyme family. This enzyme converts the chemical energy from the decarboxylation reaction into a transmembrane Na+ ion electrochemical gradient.

Glutamate decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamic acid to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Many gut microbes metabolize glutamic acid in a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) dependent manner through their glutamate decarboxylase.