α-amylase

α-Amylase, a hydrolase enzyme, catalyzes the hydrolysis of internal α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch, producing glucose and maltose.

Pinocembrin 7-O-[3''-O-galloyl-4'',6''-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-β-D-glucoside can moderately inhibit α-amylase activity, with an IC50 value of 0.03 µmol ml.

Amylase (Diastase) is any one of a group of enzymes which catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose.

1. Isoeugenol acetate (Acetylisoeugenol) shows good antifungal activities against R. solani and F. oxysporum. 2. Isoeugenol acetate is a mild sensitizer in vivo.

Fucoidan is found in various species of brown seaweed and algae,with anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, immune-modulating.

Tannic acid (Gallotannic acid) is a novel hERG channel blocker.

trans-Chalcone (Chalkone) is an aromatic ketone that forms the central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are known collectively as chalcones.

1. Ethyl trans-caffeate (Caffeic Acid Ethyl Ester) has anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Ethyl trans-caffeate may as a promising natural compound for future application in chronic liver disease. 3. Ethyl trans-caffeate is a potent chemopreventive compound against skin carcinogenesis caused by solar UV exposure. 4. Ethyl trans-caffeate is the high-resolution structures of representative inhibitors in complex with human pancreatic α-amylase. 5. Ethyl trans-caffeate strongly inhibits neoplastic transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells without toxicity. PI3K, ERK1 2, and p38 kinase activities were suppressed by direct binding with HOEC in vitro.

Inulobiose, a difructan disaccharide isolated from Pistacia vera L., demonstrates inhibitory effects on α-glycosidase (α-glycosidase) and α-amylase (α-amylase) activities, with IC50 values of 1.87 and 40.72 mg mL respectively. It is utilized in research related to diabetes and glomerular filtration rate testing.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl) gallate ((-)-EGCG-3''-O-ME) is a natural product isolated from tea leaves with potent antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties, and it improves the adhesive stability of etching rinsing adhesives to dentin.

Kaempferol-3,7-di-O-β-glucoside (Kaempferol 3,7-diglucoside) is a flavonol from Morettia philaena that inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase. It exhibits neuroprotective activity, slowing amyloid β peptide-induced damage in differentiated neuronal cells SH-SY5Y, and can be used in the study of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Irilone is a flavonoid with α-amylase inhibitory activity and highly selective inhibition of CYP3A4. In addition, Irilone enhances progesterone receptor (PR) signaling via estrogen receptor (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) when combined with progesterone.Irilone has potential anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 in mouse macrophages.

7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin (4',7-DIMETHOXY-5-HYDROXYFLAVONE) can inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes and enhance 2-NBDG uptake in L6 cells, it has hypolipidemic effect on mouse pre-adipocyte (3T3L1) cell lines.

Ficusonolide exhibits significant antidiabetic activity through its interactions with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), α-glucosidase, and α-amylase.

Erythrocentaurin has antibacterial activity; it also exhibits a concentration-dependent α-amylase inhibition (IC(50) 1.67 ± 0.28 mg mL).

8,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Compound 3), a natural product isolated from Bidens bipinnata, exhibits 22% inhibition against α-amylase at a concentration of 0.556 mg mL [1].

2,7 -Phloroglucinol-6,6'-bieckol serves as an effective oral dual α-amylase α-glucosidase inhibitor, demonstrating IC 50 concentrations of 6.94 μM and 23.35 μM, respectively. This compound is beneficial in mitigating postprandial hyperglycemia among diabetic mice and is applicable in diabetes research [1].

Quercetin 3-(6″-caffeoylsophoroside) is an orally active compound exhibiting α-amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 73.66 μg mL, and demonstrates antidiabetic effects through the reduction of oxidative stress. It is found in the hydro-methanolic extract of Cardamine hirsuta Linn and is utilized in diabetes mellitus research [1].

Ellipyrone A, a γ-pyrone-based macrocyclic polyketide, demonstrates inhibitory activity against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (IC 50 = 0.35 mM). Additionally, this compound exhibits anti-glycolytic effects on α-glucosidase (IC 50 = 0.74 mM) and α-amylase (IC 50 = 0.59 mM) [1].

Trilobatin (P-Phlorizin) has anti-oxidant effect, can increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Trilobatin has anti-inflammatory effect, it potentially inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.Trilobatin shows a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect.

Isookanin shows strong diphenyl(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 7.9 ± 0.53 μM. Isookanin is a potent inhibitor of α-amylase (IC50=0.447 mg ml).

Kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-(2, 3-di-Z-p-coumaroyl) rhamnoside (compound 42), a flavonol extracted from Platanus Occidentalis, functions as an inhibitor of alpha-amylase and DPP IV [1].