repolarization

Rosuvastatin (ZD4522) is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) (IC50=11 nM), selective and competitive. Rosuvastatin has hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects.

Rosuvastatin calcium (ZD4522) , a selective and competitive inhibitor of hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, has antilipidemic activity.

(Z)-Leukadherin-1 (ADH-503 free base) is an allosteric agonist of CD11b.

ADH-503 (GB1275) is an orally available, allosteric CD11b small molecule agonist that can lead to repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages, reduction in the number of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and enhancement of dendritic cell responses.

A-935142 is a human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG, Kv 11.1) channel activator that enhances hERG currents by slowing inactivation, promoting activation, reducing inactivation, and shortening atrial and ventricular repolarization in a complex manner.

PD-118057 is a potent ether associated (hERG) potassium channel activator that shows no activity against hERG. PD-118057 inhibits the excitability of the membrane by activating the hERG channel. PD-118057 is a potential compound for the treatment of delayed repolarization in inherited or acquired long QT syndrome and congestive heart failure.

Dofetilide (UK 68789) is a sulfonamide class III antiarrhythmic agent and potassium channel blocker. Dofetilide selectively blocks cardiac ion channels of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current Ikr. This antiarrhythmic agent prolongs cardiac action potential duration and effective refractory period due to delayed repolarization without affecting conduction velocity. This results in a normal sinus rhythm. Dofetilide is used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter.

MK-0448 is a novel and selective blocker of the Kv1.5 (KCNA5) channel, a key channel involved in cardiac repolarization that is associated with atrial-specific ultra-rapid K+ current I Kur.

(R)-MK-0448 is an isomer of MK-0448.MK-0448 is a novel and selective blocker of the Kv1.5 (KCNA5) channel, a key channel involved in cardiac repolarization that is associated with atrial-specific ultra-rapid K+ current I Kur.

Adekalant (also known as H 345/52) is an innovative antiarrhythmic compound characterized by minimal proarrhythmic activity. It blocks HERG-mediated currents in a concentration-dependent manner, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 230 nM. Adekalant binds preferentially to open channels and exhibits rapid kinetic behavior, being trapped when channels close. Its voltage-independent properties have been observed during square pulse and action potential clamp protocols. Research suggests that delaying the repolarization of human cardiac muscle through I(Kr) blockage is the primary mechanism of Adekalant’s action. It effectively blocks I(Kr) while having relatively low efficacy in blocking I(Ca), delaying ventricular repolarization without significantly increasing temporal or spatial dispersion and without inducing early afterdepolarizations or torsades de pointes (TdP).

Pentisomide is a class-I antiarrhythmic agent with a marked effect on depolarization (action of class Ia and Ic) and on repolarization. Pentisomide dose-dependently inhibited ischaemia-reperfusion arrhythmia. Pentisomide had been in phase II clinical trial for the treatment of arrhythmias.

(3S)-hydroxy Quinidine is an active quinidine metabolite. Quinidine, an antiarrhythmic agent, undergoes rapid first-pass metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, and CYP3A5, with CYP3A4 being the most active enzyme in the (3S)-hydroxy quinidine formation. (3S)-hydroxy Quinidine prolongs repolarization of canine Purkinje fibers in vitro and prevents ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia after coronary reperfusion in isolated rat hearts in a dose-dependent manner.

Moricizine Hydrochloride (EN 313) is an orally active Class I antiarrhythmic agent that reduces the maximum rate of phase 0 depolarization, increases the repolarization rate of phases 2 and 3, decreases the duration of action potentials, and shortens the effective refractory period.

GSK369796 Dihydrochloride (N-tert-butylisoquine),is an anti-malaria drug candidate. is an affordable and effective antimalarial and inhibits hERG potassium ion channel repolarization(IC50 of 7.5 μM)

M2 Peptide is a targeting peptide specific to M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). It serves as a carrier for drugs or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to facilitate the repolarization of M2-like macrophages to M1-like macrophages. This shift alters the immunosuppressive state within the tumor microenvironment, enhancing the antitumor immune response. M2 Peptide is used in research to study its effects on macrophage polarization and the implications of this polarization on tumor growth and metastasis.

RP-832c is a synthetic analog of a host defense peptide (HDP) that targets the mannose receptor CD206 on M2-polarized macrophages with a Kd of 3.5 μM. Upon binding to CD206, RP-832c induces significant conformational changes in the receptor, activating signaling pathways that lead to rapid apoptosis of CD206-positive M2 macrophages and their repolarization to the M1 phenotype. Treatment with RP-832c significantly reduces CD206 gene expression in M2 macrophages and temporarily increases the expression of the M1 macrophage marker TNF-α. RP-832c is applicable for research on T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).