nootropic

Fipexide (Attentil, Vigilor), a psychoactive drug of the piperazine chemical class, was developed in Italy in 1983. It was served as a nootropic drug in France and Italy, mainly for the therapy of senile dementia, but is no longer in common use because of the occurrence of rare drug side-effects including hepatitis and fever.

Vincamine (Perval) is a major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.

Ipidacrine (NIK‐247) (NIK‐247) is an Antidementia Agent

Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057)(Ro 13-5057), a nootropic and neuroprotective drug, selectively modulates the AMPA receptor and nAChR.

Pyrithioxin (Encefabol) is a neurodynamic compound, combined with a short period of hyperventilation (HV) was applied in cerebral infarct patients with Hemiplegia. Pyrithioxin is regarded as an encephalotropic or nootropic compound and is reported to act mainly by producing decisive improvements in cerebral metabolism.

2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid is a structural analog of GHB, a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, and a nootropic.

Omberacetam (Noopept) is a synthetic dipeptide that has been shown to produce positive nootropic and cognitive effects in animal models by a mechanism similar to other related racetam compounds.

Sunifiram (DM-235) is a potent nootropic agent, known for enhancing cognitive functions, memory, and learning abilities through modulating neurotransmitter activity, particularly via the AMPA receptor.

Nebracetam hydrochloride (WEB 1881 FU hydrochloride) is an agonist nootropic M1-muscarinic. Nebracetam hydrochloride induces a rise of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Nebracetam hydrochloride exhibits an EC50 of 1.59 mM for elevating [Ca2+]i.

NSI189 (NSI-189) is a nootropic and neurogenic research chemical derived from nicotinamide and pyrazine.

Unifiram is a nootropic agent.1It increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in the rat cerebral cortexin vivoand induces a long-lasting increase in the amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the rat hippocampal CA1 region (EC50= 27 nM). It does not bind to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, muscarinic, nicotinic, adrenergic, glutamate, histamine, opioid, or GABA receptors at 1 μM. Unifiram (0.1 mg/kg) improves memory in non-memory-impaired rats in a social learning test.2It also prevents memory deficits induced by the anticholinergic agent scopolamine, nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, GABABreceptor agonist baclofen, or α2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine in the passive avoidance test in mice when administered at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg and prevents memory deficits induced by the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor antagonist NBQX at 0.1 mg/kg.1 1.Romanelli, M.N., Galeotti, N., Ghelardini, C., et al.Pharmacological characterization of DM232 (unifiram) and DM235 (sunifiram), new potent cognition enhancersCNS Drug Rev.12(1)39-52(2006) 2.Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Gualtieri, F., et al.The novel nootropic compound DM232 (unifiram) ameliorates memory impairment in mice and ratsDrug Develop. Res.56(1)23-32(2002)

Pramiracetam (CI-879), derived from piracetam, is a more effective nootropic drug . According to reports, Pramiracetam improved cognitive defects related with traumatic brain wounds. Pramiracetam was also potent in the therapy of cognitive disorders of traumatic origins and cerebrovascular.

Pregnenolone monosulfate (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate) is a potent nootropic steroid that positively regulates NMDA recordings and is utilized in the study of neuroticism and depression.

Meclofenoxate is a cholinergic nootropic used as a dietary supplement and a drug in the treatment of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Rolziracetam (CI-911) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family. It can improve short-term memory in rats and monkeys.

(R)-Oxiracetam, the (R)-enantiomer of the nootropic drug oxiracetam, is a nootropic drug of the racetam family and a stimulant.

CX516 (Ampalex), an ampakine and nootropic, acts as an AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Fladrafinil (CRL-40,941) is a nootropic.

Z-4105 (formula l) is a nootropic compound. It reverses the amnesia effects induced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM), thereby improving learning and memory functions. The compound enhances the activity of the brain's cholinergic system without affecting other neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, Z-4105 significantly alleviates neuropathic pain caused by chronic constriction injury (CCl) in rat sciatic nerve and spinal nerve ligament models. It is utilized in research on neuropathic pain and cognitive dysfunction.

Razobazam is a benzodiazepine derivative agent. It produces nootropic (improves cognitive function) effects in animal studies.

LY503430 is a AMPA receptor potentiator with oral activity. LY503430 has both nootropic and neuroprotective effects, reducing brain damage caused by 6-hydroxydopamine or MPTP.

Neramexane is an NMDA antagonist with neuroprotective effects. Neramexane has antidepressant and nootropic actions. It also acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.

SB357134 is a potent, selective and orally active antagonist of 5-HT6 receptor and shows nootropic effects in animal studies.

Nooglutil is a nootropic agent being studied. In animal models, it has a variety of central nervous system effects.