multiple sclerosis (ms)

Firategrast (SB 683699) is an orally active and specific α4β1/α4β7 integrin antagonist that reduces the transport of lymphocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) and decreases multiple sclerosis (MS) activity. It is used in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, associated with modest reductions in CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocyte counts in cerebrospinal fluid.

BN201 (OCS-05) is a drug with neuroprotective and myelin repair effects, which acts mainly by activating serum glucocorticoid kinase-2 (SGK2), which in turn activates the FOXO3 pathway to promote neuronal survival and myelin repair. It is mainly used for the treatment of inflammatory neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).BN201 is able to regulate multiple kinases in the insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) pathway and cross the blood-brain barrier.

SARM1-IN-5 (compound 1-23-a) is an inhibitor of SARM1, useful for researching diseases related to axonal degeneration, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Spns2-IN-3 (compound 510) is an SPNS2 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for hSPNS2. It is applicable in research on autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as fibrosis, muscle atrophy, metastasis, acute lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions linked to SPNS2 activity.

MSK-9 is an allosteric modulator of the P2X4 receptor, exhibiting dual actions of enhancing ion conductivity and delaying receptor desensitization. By stabilizing the receptor's open state, MSK-9 utilizes rigid 3-piperidinyl and hydrophobic menthyl substituents. MSK-9 is applicable in research related to multiple sclerosis (MS).

Nurr1 Agonist 14 (Compound 32) is a Nurr1 agonist with an EC50 of 0.09 μM for Nurr1. It exhibits significant neuroprotective activity without being hindered by residual DHODH inhibition. This compound can upregulate neuroprotective genes in dopaminergic neurons, such as SOD2, SESN3, BIRC5, XIAP, FLRT2, and CRMP4. Nurr1 Agonist 14 is useful for studying neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

TJU103 is a CD4 inhibitor that impedes the functionality of CD4 during activation, thereby suppressing autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), TJU103 reduces monocyte infiltration in brain and spinal tissues. It downregulates Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels against proteolipid protein epitope 139-151 (PLPe) and exhibits inhibitory effects both after EAE symptom onset and subsequent antigen stimulation. TJU103 is applicable in research on autoimmune diseases such as EAE and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) Acetate (Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) Acetate (118506-26-6 Free base)) is an encephalitogenic peptide that induces basic protein-specific T cell proliferation. Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) Acetate causes a Th1 polarization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which is implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Azido-FTY720 (azido-Fingolimod) is an analogue of FTY720 featuring an azido group suitable for click chemistry reactions. FTY720 is an orally available S1P analogue and S1P1R modulator capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reducing neuroinflammation, and is indicated for multiple sclerosis (MS).

Glucosamine 6-sulfate (GlcN6S) is a glucosamine derivative exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It inhibits gene expression of IL-12, T-bet, and IFN-γ, suppresses Th1 CD4 T cell differentiation, and may be utilised in multiple sclerosis (MS) research.

Laquinimod (ABR-215062) sodium is a carboxamide derivative administered orally that serves as a powerful immunomodulator, designed to prevent inflammation and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. This compound effectively diminishes the activation of astrocytic NF-κB, offering protection against Cuprizone-induced demyelination. It shows promise for the treatment of both relapsing-remitting (RR) and chronic progressive (CP) forms of multiple sclerosis (MS; RRMS or CPMS), in addition to its potential applications in the study of neurodegenerative diseases [1] [2] [3] [4].

Ozanimod hydrochloride (RPC-1063 hydrochloride) is an orally available, selective and potent sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator that shows high affinity for S1P1 and S1P5.Ozanimod has potential anticancer activity and can be used in the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), ulcerative multiple sclerosis (UMS), and other diseases. (MS), ulcerative colitis, coronavirus infections and myelodysplasia.

S1P1 agonist 5 is a selective, orally active S1P1 agonist. S1P1 agonist 5 inhibits the drainage of lymphocytes from lymphoid tissue into peripheral blood. S1P1 agonist 5 has potential for studies in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Siponimod (BAF-312) hemifumarate, a selective and potent modulator of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, can be used in the study of multiple sclerosis (MS).

BJJF078, an aminopiperidine derivative, is a potent inhibitor of recombinant human and mouse glutamine aminotransferase (TG2) activity, with IC50 values of 41 and 54 nM for human and mouse glutamine aminotransferase, respectively.BJJF078 inhibits TG1 enzyme, with an IC50 of 0.16 μM.BJJF078 can be used to study multiple sclerosis (MS). BJJF078 can be used to study multiple sclerosis (MS).

Ozanimod (RPC-1063) (RPC1063) is a specific oral S1P Receptor 1 modulator. Ozanimod has been used in trials studying the treatment of Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Multiple Sclerosis, and Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.

Dalazatide (ShK-186) is a specific inhibitor of the Kv1.3 potassium channel, used in research on autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease [1] [2] [3].

Dalazatide (ShK-186) TFA, a precise Kv1.3 potassium channel peptide inhibitor, is employed in researching autoimmune conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease [1] [2] [3].

Rovelizumab (Hu23F2G) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the cell adhesion molecule CD11/CD18. It inhibits overactive leukocytes during shock and may be used in studies of multiple sclerosis (MS), hemorrhagic shock, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

Gatralimab (GZ-402668) is a next-generation humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody for which phase 1 clinical trial data indicate it successfully achieves the intended pharmacodynamic effect of lymphocyte depletion followed by subsequent repopulation, all with an acceptable safety profile, supporting its further investigation about relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS).

Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) TFA, an encephalitogenic peptide, promotes basic protein-specific T cell proliferation and induces Th1 polarization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) [1] [2].

PTPσ Inhibitor ISP is a compound that binds to recombinant human PTPs, thereby inhibiting PTPσ signaling. It has the capability to penetrate membranes and counteract the inhibitory effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) on axonal sprouting in spinal cord injury models. Additionally, it fosters remyelination in lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelinated spinal cords and supports the migration and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), enhancing remyelination and functional recovery in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) animal models [1] [2].

γ-Fibrinogen377-395 TFA is an inhibitory peptide derived from fibrinogen, which also functions as a fibrinogen epitope. It effectively blocks microglial activation and impedes fibrin-Mac-1 interactions in vitro. Additionally, it exhibits in vivo efficacy by suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. This compound has applications in researching multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory diseases linked to blood-brain barrier disruption and microglial activation [1].

γ-Fibrinogen377-395 is a peptide derived from fibrinogen, functioning both as an inhibitory molecule and an epitope. It inhibits microglial activation, disrupts fibrin-Mac-1 interactions in vitro, and mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in murine models in vivo. This compound is relevant for research into multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory disorders characterized by blood-brain barrier compromise and microglial activation [1].