fertility

Norethisterone enanthate (NSC-9564) is a long-acting parenteral progestogen with antigonadotropic effects.

6PPD-Q (6PPD-Quinone) is an environmental pollutant that can target CNR2, CNR1, AA2AR, LCAT and TRPA1. Among them, CNR2 has the highest binding affinity and may act as a CNR2 receptor agonist to activate cannabinoid receptors. 6PPD-Q can damage the sperm quality and induce the impairment of male reproductive ability in mice. 6PPD-Q can induce intestinal inflammation and barrier damage by disrupting mitochondrial function, reducing neuronal glycolytic metabolites and TCA cycle intermediates, and exacerbating α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation.

Estradiol benzoate (Benzhormovarine) is the synthetic benzoate ester of estradiol, a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females.

Estradiol (E2) is a naturally occurring steroidal sex hormone that is essential for female fertility and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through estrogen receptor beta (ERβ).

Maleuric acid (N-Carbamoylmaleamic acid) is anti-mitotic and can be used in biological research in conjunction with radioautography.Maleuric acid is used to improve the growth and fertility of plants and animals as well as to treat whey acid deficiency.

Ostarine (MK-2866) is a non-steroidal agent with anabolic activity. Selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) GTx-024 is designed to work like testosterone, thus promoting and/or maintaining libido, fertility, prostate growth, and muscle growth and strength. Mimicking testosterone's action, this agent may increase lean body mass, thereby ameliorating muscle wasting in the hypermetabolic state of cancer cachexia.

Ulipristal acetate (CDB-2914) is an orally bioavailable selective progesterone receptor modulator with anti-progesterone activity. It binds to the progesterone receptor (PR), inhibiting PR-mediated gene expression and interfering with progesterone activity in the reproductive system, potentially suppressing the growth of uterine leiomyomatosis. Additionally, ulipristal can be used as emergency contraception by inhibiting or delaying ovulation and affecting endometrial tissue.

Ulipristal is a selective SPRM for emergency contraception after an unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure.

Anordiol is an antiestrogen with estrogenic activity. It also is known to inhibit fertility.

Gamendazole is a novel drug candidate for male contraception. It has been shown to reduce fertility in male rats without affecting testosterone levels.

Nogotrienone is an anabolic steroid with fertility and contraceptive activity that has been studied as a therapeutic agent for hereditary angioneurotic edema.

Zearalenone-13C18is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of zearalenone by GC- or LC-MS. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin that has been found inFusariumand has estrogenic activities.1It binds to human estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ (IC50s = 9 and 5.8 nM, respectively).2Zearalenone induces precocious development of mammary tissues in young female pigs and prepucial enlargement in young male pigs.3Zearalenone (1.5-5 mg/kg of diet) induces hyperestrogenism in pigs. It also induces degeneration of meiotic chromatin in oocytes and reduces fertility in pigs when administered at a dose of 200 μg/kg.4Zearalenone has been found as a contaminant in wheat, maize, and barley and livestock feeds.3,4

Menotropin (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin) is a hormonally active drug for the treatment of fertility disorders, extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a heterodimeric glycoprotein synthesized by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, influences animal fertility and reproductive performance [1] [2].

1-Myristoyl-3-chloropropanediol, a 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) fatty acid ester, induces nephropathy, tubular hyperplasia, and adenomas through chronic oral administration. It also diminishes fertility or leads to infertility in rats and suppresses immune function [1].

BHD, a reversible male contraceptive agent, effectively induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis and causes abnormalities in seminiferous tubules in vivo at doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg. Additionally, it disrupts the blood-testis barrier and decreases the fertility index in male mice, with effects lasting between two to six weeks post-administration.

Sperm motility agonist-1 (compound 745) serves as an agonist for sperm motility and is applicable in researching infertility and promoting fertility enhancement [1].

Sperm Motility Agonist-2 (compound 797) serves as a sperm motility enhancer, useful for research in both infertility and fertility enhancement [1].

Lupeol acetate is a derivative of Lupeol with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-snake venom, anti-fertility effects and oral activity. It is able to inhibit rheumatoid arthritis by down-regulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, VEGF, granzyme B) and is cytotoxic to Hep-3B and A549 cells.

Quassin has female anti-fertility properties, possibly acting via inhibition of estrogen secretion.