smooth muscle cell

Anagliptin (SK-0403) is a potent inhibitor of DPP-4 (IC50 of 3.8 nM) used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

LDN-27219 is a potent hTGase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.6 uM.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly used solvent to dissolve polar and non-polar compounds. Dimethyl sulfoxide has been widely used for masterbatch preparation of compounds in biological experiments. Dimethyl sulfoxide has bacteriostatic activity.

Trichostatin A (TSA), a natural derivative of diene isohydroxamic acids, is a specific and reversible histone deacetylase inhibitor (IC50=1.8 nM) that induces hyperacetylation of core histones to regulate chromatin structure.

Ripisartan (UP-269-6) is a potent and specific angiotensin II receptor antagonist that inhibits angiotensin II-mediated sympathetic tachycardia responses.

Elinafide, a dinaphthylimide cytotoxic agent, is a DNA-targeted anticancer agent that has shown antitumor activity in in vitro and in vivo assays.

BL-1249 is a selective and potent non-steroidal potassium channel activator with anti-inflammatory activity that activates K2P2.1 (TREK-1) and K2P10.1 (TREK-2).

Cytochalasin D is an actin inhibitor, the removal of actin stress fibers is crucial for the chondrogenic differentiation. It may be an inhibitor of some fertilization processes such as sperm penetration or sperm head decondensation. Cytochalasin D inhibit

Angiotensin II is a major biologically active vasoconstrictor peptide that regulates blood pressure by binding to AT1R and AT2R receptors. It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, promotes aldosterone synthesis, and enhances renal function. Additionally, it induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and increases collagen synthesis, leading to vascular and myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. It also promotes apoptosis and endothelial capillary formation. Angiotensin II is commonly used to induce hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy animal models.

Regrelor disodium (INS 50589) is a P2Y12 receptor antagonist that prevents thrombosis, effectively inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell contraction, curbs cell proliferation, and reduces inflammation.

(R)-Naroparcil is an isomer of Naroparcil. Naroparcil, a 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside analog, is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and inhibits thrombus formation in the Wessler slough model.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived from histamine through enzymatic decarboxylation; it acts as a histamine receptor agonist and vasodilator. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound that participates in local immune responses and regulates intestinal physiological functions. Histamine is a potent stimulant of gastric secretion, a bronchoconstrictor, a vasodilator, and a centrally acting neurotransmitter. Histamine influences the p38 MAPK/Akt signaling pathway and exhibits antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Histamine can be used in research on acute myeloid leukemia, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

Salbutamol (Albuterol) stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, thereby activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Salbutamol Sulfate is the sulfate salt of the short-acting sympathomimetic agent albuterol, a 1:1 racemic mixture of (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol with bronchodilator activity. Increased cAMP concentrations relax the bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, and reduce inflammatory cell mediator release, especially from mast cells. To a lesser extent, Salbutamol stimulates beta1-adrenergic receptors, thereby increasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction.

Hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline) is the hydrochloride salt of hydralazine, a phthalazine derivative with antihypertensive and potential antineoplastic activities. Hydralazine alters intracellular calcium release and interferes with smooth muscle cell calcium influx, resulting in arterial vasodilatation. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin protein and chelation of trace metals required for smooth muscle contraction, resulting in an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. In addition to its cardiovascular effects, hydralazine inhibits DNA methyltransferase, which may result in inhibition of DNA methylation in tumor cells.

Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.

Dexloxiglumide is an orally active and selective cholecystokinin type A (CCKA) receptor antagonist and the pharmacologically active enantiomer of Loxiglumide, effectively inhibiting smooth muscle contractions induced by cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), while displaying moderate, polarized, concentration-dependent, and pH-dependent Caco-2 permeability and increasing uptake of the MRP1 substrate fluorescein. Dexloxiglumide supports the mechanistic studies of gastrointestinal disorders and tumor-related smooth muscle and transporter biology.

Collagenase Type VIII hydrolyses Type VIII collagen and can be used to study collagen metabolism processes in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Collagenase Type VIII can also hydrolyse other protein components in the extracellular matrix (ECM), making it useful for tissue dissociation and cell separation.

Kanglexin is an orally active novel anthraquinone compound. It inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, offering cardioprotective benefits. By stimulating the FGFR1/ERK signaling pathway, Kanglexin promotes angiogenesis and accelerates wound healing in diabetes. Additionally, it has lipid-lowering effects and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation, making it a potential compound for studying hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and atherosclerosis.

BKCa activator-1 (Compound 51b) is an orally active activator of BKCa calcium-activated potassium channels with an EC50 of 2.82 μM. It promotes K+ efflux, leading to cell membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. In a spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model, it alleviates urinary incontinence and exhibits antitussive effects in a guinea pig cough model.

Fluacrypyrim is an ester-based acaricide and functions as a STAT3 inhibitor. It significantly enhances the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and suppresses leukemia cell growth by inducing substantial G1 phase arrest and significantly reducing the levels of cyclin D1 protein and mRNA. Fluacrypyrim selectively inhibits the STAT3 signaling pathway, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis in STAT3-dependent cancer cells. It mainly alleviates radiation-induced hematopoietic system damage by preventing apoptosis in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Additionally, fluacrypyrim exhibits notable analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting uterine smooth muscle contraction and inflammatory responses.

2,5-Epidithia-3,6-dioxopiperazine (Formula 15) is a derivative of Epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP). It enhances cell permeability and restores the activity of 2-Cys-Prx, especially peroxidase II (PrxII), within stimulated cells. This compound inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells while promoting VEGF-induced endothelial cell growth and movement. Furthermore, 2,5-Epidithia-3,6-dioxopiperazine effectively suppresses the proliferation, migration, and pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells. It holds potential for research on vascular diseases such as hypertension, angina, and myocardial infarction.

PKM2 agonist-1 (Compound D16) is a potent allosteric activator of PKM2, with an AC50 value of 77 nM. It inhibits angiotensin II-induced smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation, effectively preventing aortic dissection and reducing mortality.

TAS-301, an inhibitor of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, inhibits intimal thickening after balloon injury to rat carotid arteries.

BK 129 is a local anesthetic with relaxant properties. BK 129 inhibits Ca2+ entry into the smooth muscle cell and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.