positive control

ARM1 is a potent inhibitor of aminopeptidase and epoxide hydrolase. The IC50 values are 7.61 µM for aminopeptidase and 12.4 µM for epoxide hydrolase.

D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate is a potent β-glucuronidase inhibitor (IC50=48.4 μM) that possesses anticarcinogenic, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties[1][2].

Bifenazate is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor. Bifenazate is an acaricide that controls 100% of mites at a concentration of 25 ppm.

5'-pApA is a linearized form of cyclic di-AMP, a bacterial second messenger that activates the host innate immune system through stimulator of interferon genes (STING).1,2,3,4It is a metabolite of cyclic di-AMP formedviahydrolysis by various phosphodiesterases (PDEs).55'-pApA is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-AMP signaling. 1.Burdette, D.L., Monroe, K.M., Sotelo-Troha, K., et al.STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic-di-GMPNature478(7370)515-518(2011) 2.Parvatiyar, K., Zhang, Z., Teles, R.M., et al.DDX41 recognizes bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune responseNat. Immunol.13(12)1155-1161(2012) 3.Woodward, J.J., Iavarone, A.T., and Portnoy, D.A.c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon responseScience328(5986)1703-1705(2010) 4.Witte, C.E., Whiteley, A.T., Burke, T.P., et al.Cyclic di-AMP is critical for Listeria monocytogenes growth, cell wall homeostasis, and establishment of infectionmBio4(3)e00282-00213(2013) 5.Fahmi, T., Port, G.C., and Cho, K.H.c-di-AMP: An essential molecule in the signaling pathways that regulate the viability and virulence of gram-positive bacteriaGenes (Basel)8(8)197(2017)

Givinostat (ITF-2357) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 198 nM for HDAC1 and 157 nM for HDAC3.

The growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) play major roles in enhanced smooth muscle cells growth in rodent blood vessels after vascular injury. Tyrosine kinase inhibition has been shown to be effective in blocking tyrosine phosphorylation at the PDGF and bFGF receptors in cultured fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells which in turn inhibits their proliferation[1]. CGP 53716 is a specific PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor on SMC (smooth muscle cell) proliferation and migration in vitro and in neointimal formationin vivo[3]. CGP 53716 inhibited serum-induced cell growth in RASMC (rat aortic smooth muscle cells). And it completely blocked PDGF-BB tyrosine receptor autophosphorylation in RASMC and 3T3 cells, PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase at 1 μM in RASMC and inhibited PDGF-BB-induced c-Fos protein expression at 1 μM in RASMC; consistent with inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced DNA synthesis. Further, CGP 53716 inhibited PDGF-BB-, bFGF- and EGF-induced DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in each cell line. And it showed a 2- to 4-fold selectivity for PDGF-BB-stimulated DNA synthesis over bFGF or EGF in RASMC or 3T3 cells[1]. CGP 53716 inhibited dose dependently tyrosine phosphorylation of both the known PDGFRs: the PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β. After rat carotid artery ballooning injuryin vivo, the migration of alpha-actin-positive cells on the luminal side of internal elastic lamina was decreased with 50 mg/kg/day of CGP 53716 from 38 ± 10 (control group) to 4 ± 2. Intima/media ratio was inhibited by 40% after 14 days in the CGP 53716-treated group (P=0.028) after rat aortic denudation[3].

DC-120 is an ATP competitive AKT kinase inhibitor that suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. DC120 blocked the phosphorylation of downstream molecules in the AKT signal pathway in dose- and time-dependent manners both in vitro and in vivo. DC120 inhibits AKT activity in vitro with an EC(50) of 153 nM. DC120 at 20 mg/kg/day inhibited the CNE2 xenograft tumor growth with a treated group/control group ratio of 38.1%, accompanied by increasing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasedUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells in the tumor sample.

RatIgG2bkappa, Isotype Control, is an IgG2bκ antibody isotype control derived from rats. It is employed to minimize or eliminate false positive results caused by non-specific binding.

Sigvotatug Vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to selectively target integrin αvβ6-positive tumor cells through an engineered antibody with high specificity. Sigvotatug Vedotin employs a protease-cleavable linker that delivers the cytotoxic payload monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a microtubule inhibitor, directly into tumor cells. Upon internalization, MMAE disrupts microtubule organization, inhibits proper cell division, and ultimately results in tumor cell death, providing a targeted strategy in oncology research.

Baquiloprim (Standard) is the standard substance of Baquiloprim, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Baquiloprim, an antibiotic, functions as a selective inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductases, exhibiting in vitro bacteriostatic activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria .

Cefotaxime sodium (Standard) is the standard substance of Cefotaxime sodium, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In most cases, it is considered to be equivalent to ceftriaxone in terms of safety and efficacy. Cefotaxime sodium (Cefotaxim sodium salt) is marketed under various trade names including Claforan (Sanofi-Aventis).

Chlorhexidine digluconate (Standard) is the standard substance of Chlorhexidine digluconate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Chlorhexidine digluconate is a broad-spectrum antiseptic and disinfectant with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, inhibits both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, induces necrosis and apoptosis, and can be used in the study of bacterial infections.

Chlorobutanol hemihydrate (Standard) is the standard substance of Chlorobutanol hemihydrate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Chlorobutanol hemihydrate (Chlorbutol hemihydrate) is an orally toxic preservative with antimicrobial activity that inhibits Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, inhibits the aggregation and release of human platelets in vitro, and is commonly used in cosmetics.

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (Standard) is the standard substance of Chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride is a tetracycline with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (Isphamycin) is bacteriostatic and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, spirochetes, rickettsial species, certain protozoa and Mycoplasma and Chlamydia organisms.

D-(+)-Melezitose (Standard) is the standard substance of D-(+)-Melezitose, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. D-(+)-Melezitose can be used to identify indole-positive and indole-negative Klebsiella clinical isolates.

Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate (Standard) is the standard substance of Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate (Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate) inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic with bactericidal properties. This antibiotic is active against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis and tularemia.

Flucloxacillin sodium (Standard) is the standard substance of Flucloxacillin sodium, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Flucloxacillin sodium (floxacillin sodium) is a highly active antibiotic against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Garenoxacin (Standard) is the standard substance of Garenoxacin, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Garenoxacin (BMS284756) is a novel oral des-fluoro(6) quinolone for the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Gemifloxacin mesylate (Standard) is the standard substance of Gemifloxacin mesylate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Gemifloxacin mesylate (Gemifloxacin mesylate) inhibits activities of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and eventually bacterial growth. Gemifloxacin Mesylate is the mesylate salt form of gemifloxacin, a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity. This fluoroquinolone exerts an enhanced spectrum of activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to its activity against gram-negative bacteria.

Kanamycin sulfate (Standard) is the standard substance of Kanamycin sulfate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Kanamycin sulfate (Kanamycin monosulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis by binding to the 70S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. Kanamycin sulfate exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycoplasmas.

Linolelaidic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of Linolelaidic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Linolelaidic acid ((9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid) is a major positive regulator of CTL activity, an essential nutrient for humans, with anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic properties. It improves metabolic adaptability, prevents fatigue, and stimulates memory-like phenotypes with exceptional effects. It induces apoptosis and can be used in infection studies.

Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (Standard) is the standard substance of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Moxifloxacin hydrochloride (BAY12-8039 HCl) is a fourth generation fluoroquinolone with expanded activity against gram-positive bacteria as well as atypical pathogens. Moxifloxacin has been linked to mild ALT elevations during therapy and to rare instances of idiosyncratic acute liver injury with symptoms and jaundice.

Nitrofurazone (Standard) is the standard substance of Nitrofurazone, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Nitrofurazone (Nitrofural; Furacilin) is an orally active nitroaromatic broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly used for establishing breast cancer models.