glomerulosclerosis

R-268712 is a specific activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor(IC50 of 2.5 nM). It is also an orally active transforming growth factor-β type I receptor inhibitor.

AC1903 is a specific inhibitor of TRPC5 channel, and has been shown to suppress severe proteinuria and prevent podocyte loss.

Antroquinonol ((+)-Antroquinonol) is a natural product and an activator of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The compound is cell-permeable and can be used in research on non-small cell lung cancer and colon cancer. Antroquinonol has also shown potential in inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis in models of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

CDDO-dhTFEA, a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, effectively activates Nrf2 while inhibiting the NF-κB pro-inflammatory transcription factor. It restores mean arterial pressure (MAP), elevates Nrf2 levels and the expression of related genes, attenuates NF-κB and transforming growth factor-β pathway activation, and mitigates glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation in rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RO5234444 is an orally active CCR2 antagonist, exhibiting an IC50 of 22 nM for human CCR2 and 161 nM for mouse CCR2. It mitigates glomerulosclerosis in a unilateral nephrectomy type 2 diabetes db/db mouse model, reduces proteinuria, and significantly improves glomerular filtration rate. RO5234444 is applicable for research in type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

JNK3-IN-10 is a JNK3 inhibitor that does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier and has an IC50 of 0.257 nM, exhibiting over 400-fold selectivity for JNK1. It blocks the JNK3-mediated signaling pathway downstream of TGF-β1, inhibits TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun, reduces the expression of pro-fibrotic markers, and restores epithelial protein E-cadherin (E-cadherin) expression. JNK3-IN-10 demonstrates low cytotoxicity and offers antifibrotic, cytoprotective, and renoprotective effects, alleviating albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and podocyte foot process fusion. It is applicable in research on chronic kidney disease, glomerulosclerosis, and adriamycin-induced nephropathy.

APOL1-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) that can be used to study the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and nondiabetic kidney disease (NDKD), facilitating research into these diseases.

NTU281 is a potent inhibitor of transglutaminase-2 that reduces the elevation of serum creatinine and proteinuria in diabetic rats and decreases glomerular type I collagen accumulation, Hic-5 and α-SMA expression, as well as apoptosis, and can be used in studies of diabetes-induced glomerulosclerosis.

Ilacirnon sodium is a potent CCR2 antagonist that may be useful in the treatment of renal diseases including Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis and Diabetic Nephropathy.

Fresolimumab (GC1008) is a specific human anti-transforming growth factor β monoclonal antibody that binds to the active forms of human TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 and can be used to study focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and cancer in adults.

BMS-986090 is a humanized monoclonal antibody antagonist targeting CD40. It shows potential for use in studying autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).