c. difficile

Penicillin V Potassium (Phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium salt) is an orally administered, broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used for treating mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible gram-positive organisms.

Isodeoxycholic Acid is a bile acid that is formed via epimerization of deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria. It has a greater critical micelle concentration than DCA, indicating reduced detergent activity, and is less active than DCA in inhibiting growth in a panel of seven gut commensal bacteria species. Isodeoxycholic Acid(0.1%) inhibits spore germination induced by taurocholic acid in several C. difficile strains, as well as decreases the cytotoxicity of C. difficile culture supernatants to Vero cells. Plasma levels of isodeoxycholic acid are decreased in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced obesity compared with rats fed a normal diet.

Scandoside, a cyclic enolide that can be isolated from Haemophilus difficile, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA), and inhibits the nuclear transcription factor, kappa-B alpaha (IκB-α), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor phosphorylation.