β amyloid (1 40)

[Asn23] β-Amyloid (1-40), Iowa mutation, is a biologically active peptide linked to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease in multiple families. This involves the substitution of Asp 23 with Asn, causing severe cerebral amyloid beta-protein angiopathy (CAA). Individuals with this mutation exhibit a missense alteration in the APP gene at position 694, resulting in the mutated β-amyloid peptide aggregating more quickly and forming toxic fibrils.

β-Amyloid (1-40), England mutation, is a biologically active peptide with a histidine (His) to arginine (Arg) substitution at position 6, known to enhance oligomerization kinetics that serve as fibril seeds and increase neurotoxicity in cultured neurons. This alteration is one of several mutations in the beta-amyloid precursor gene implicated in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease across multiple kindreds.

Amyloid β1-40 is one of the fragments generated after cleavage of the amyloid peptide precursor protein by β and γ secretases.

β-Amyloid (1-40), FAM-labeled, is a β-Amyloid (1-40) peptide tagged with a FAM fluorescent label, exhibiting an excitation wavelength (λ ex) of 492 nm and an emission wavelength (λ em) of 518 nm.

Biotin-β-Amyloid (1-40) is an amyloid-β-(1-40) peptide with an N-terminal biotinylation.

β-Amyloid (1-40) TFA is a major protein fragment found in the brain plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients and is commonly used to establish Alzheimer's disease models.

β-Amyloid (1-40), FAM-labeled TFA, is a FAM fluorescently-labeled β-Amyloid (1-40) peptide (λ ex = 492 nm and λ em = 518 nm) [1].

(Gln22,Asn23)-Amyloid β-Protein (1-40) is a peptide used to study Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Mutations [1].

(Gln22)β-Amyloid (1-40) human is a peptide containing amyloid β-protein (Aβ), which can be utilized in Alzheimer's disease research.

Citrullinated amyloid-β(1-40) peptide (human) (Citrullinated Aβ (1-40)) is a modified form of β-Amyloid (1-40) that has undergone citrullination at the Arg5 position. Compared to the unmodified β-Amyloid (1-40), it exhibits increased transient formation of soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates composed of twisted parallel β-sheets.

β-Amyloid (1-40), HFIP-treated, refers to the β-Amyloid (1-40) peptide that has been processed with HFIP. This peptide is a key protein fragment found in the brain plaques of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

Amyloid beta-protein(1-40) Arctic variant (Ab40ARC (E22G)), featuring a glycine at position 22 (Gly22), is a peptide utilized in Alzheimer's disease research [1].

BI-1408 is a modulator potent of γ secretase (IC50: 0.04 μM for Aβ42).

BMS 433796 is a γ-secretase inhibitor that demonstrates Aβ-lowering activity in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Aftin-4, an amyloid forty-two inducer, activates γ-secretase, promoting the generation of amyloid-β-1-42 (Aβ1-42) from amyloid-β protein precursor. Aftin-4(Aftin4) increased Aβ-1-42, but not Aβ-1-40 in mouse hipppocampus, accompanied by learning deficits and mitochondrial ultrastructural changes similar to those found in the brains of patients with AD. Aftin-4(Aftin4) can thus be used to induce a rapid, acute Alzheimer's disease-like toxicity in the rodent brain.

Begacestat (GSI-953) is a potent and selective gamma-secretase inhibitor (γ-secretase) that inhibits Amyloid-beta production with nanomolar potency, selectively inhibits cleavage of APP in cellular level Notch cleavage assays, reverses situational memory deficits, and can be used to study Alzheimer's disease.

4-(6-Bromo-2-benzothiazolyl)-N-methylbenzenamine is a potent amyloid imaging agent that binds to Amyloid-β [1-40] with a dissociation constant (KD) of 1.7 nM.

Itanapraced (CHF5074), a γ-secretase modulator, reduces Aβ42/40 secretion (IC50: 3.6/18.4 μM).

γ-Secretase-IN-1 is a potent γ-secretase inhibitor that displays partial antiproliferative activity on T-47D cells and inhibits β-amyloid(40), β-amyloid(42), and Notch γ-secretase cleavage.

Pramlintide is a non-amyloidogenic analog of the antidiabetic peptide hormone amylin that contains proline residues substituted at positions 25, 28, and 29. It stimulates cAMP production in HEK293 cells expressing human amylin receptor 1a (AMY1a), AMY2a, and AMY3a (EC50s = 0.35, 22.9, and 0.89 nM, respectively). Pramlintide inhibits human islet amyloid polypeptide fibrilization in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, pramlintide (200 pg/kg) reduces brain levels of amyloid-β (1-40) and increases spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Amyloid-β (1-8, A2V) is a truncated form of amyloid-β (Aβ) that contains a valine to alanine substitution at position 2 of the Aβ numbering convention (Aβ A2V), which corresponds to position 673 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) numbering convention (APP A673V). An Aβ (1-40) (Aβ40) A2V peptide increases the production of Aβ and the rate and amount of amyloid fibril formation in vitro, effects that can be reduced by coincubation with wild-type Aβ40. Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels are increased in CHO cells expressing the Aβ A2V mutation and in fibroblasts derived from patients with the Aβ A2V mutation. As a homozygous mutation, Aβ A2V is correlated with Alzheimer's disease with distinctive pathological features, but disease does not develop in patients with a heterozygous Aβ A2V mutation.

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

Glycerophosphorylethanolamine is an active phosphodiester metabolite of phosphatidylethanolamine.1,2It promotes aggregation of amyloid-β (1-40) (Aβ40)in vitro, and levels of glycerophosphorylethanolamine are elevated in postmortem brains isolated from patients with Alzheimer's disease. 1.Klunk, W.E., Xu, C.J., McClure, R.J., et al.Aggregation of β-amyloid peptide is promoted by membrane phospholipid metabolites elevated in Alzheimer's disease brainJ. Neurochem.69(1)266-272(1997) 2.Blusztajn, J.K., Lopez Gonzalez-Coviella, I., Logue, M., et al.Levels of phospholipid catabolic intermediates, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine, are elevated in brains of Alzheimer's disease but not of Down's syndrome patientsBrain Res.536(1-2)240-244(1990)

RO4929097 (RG-4733), a γ secretase inhibitor (IC50: 4 nM), inhibits cellular processing of Aβ40 and Notch (EC50: 14/5 nM).